AERIAL  NAVI 


1 


II 


FREDERICK  WALKE 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

ANDREW 

SMITH 

HALLIDIC: 


AERIAL    NAVIGATION 


FIG.  105.    AEROSTAT  ROUNDING  THE  EIFFEL  TOWER  (p.  146). 


AERIAL  NAVIGATION 

A   PRACTICAL  HANDBOOK 

ON  THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  DIRIGIBLE  BALLOONS, 
AEROSTATS,  AEROPLANES,  AND  AEROMOTORS 


BY 

FREDERICK     WALKER,     C.E. 

1 1 

FELLOW  OF  THK  SOCIETY  OF  PATFNT  AGENTS,  ASSOCIATE  MEMBER  OF  THE 
AERONAUTIC  INSTITUTE 

AUTHOR  OF  "PRACTICAL  DYNAMO  BUILDING,"  "TABLES  AND  MEMORANDA  FOR 

ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERS,"  "ELECTRICITY  IN  THE  ENGINE  ROOM," 

"  DESIGN  AND  EQUIPMENT  OF  LAUNCHES,"  ETC. 


TOtb  about  ©ne  Ibunfcrefc  ^lustrations 


NEW   YORK 
D.   VAN    NOSTRAND    COMPANY 

23  MURRAY  AND  27  WARREN  STREETS 
LONDON 

CROSBY     LOCKWOOD     AND     SON 

1902 

[All  Rights  Reserved} 


TL 


PREFACE. 


THE  practical  development  of  aerial  navigation  is 
slow  relatively  to  other  modes  of  locomotion. 
The  chief  cause  lies  in  the  fact  that  any  disaster  is 
nearly  sure  to  be  fatal  to  human  life,  and  although 
ocean  navigation  is  attended  by  a  certain  amount  of 
danger  to  both  life  and  property,  the  risk  is  minimised 
by  the  adaptability  of  boats,  lifebuoys,  and  a  consider- 
able portion  of  the  debris  incidental  to  shipwrecks,  to 
float  upon  the  surface  of  the  water  and  sustain  the 
survivors.  It  is  true  that  in  many  cases,  in  the  present 
stage  of  rapid  ocean  transit,  such  life-saving  appliances 
are  not  always  available  or  successful,  but  the  existence 
of  them  engenders  a  degree  of  confidence  which  has  as 
yet  no  counterpart  in  aerial  navigation. 

There  have  been  disasters  in  this  enterprise — as  there 
always  will  be,  to  the  end  of  time,  whenever  man  seeks 
to  conquer  the  unknown.  In  olden  timesj  when  to  the 
adventurous  Phoenician  navigator  the  unknown  waste 
beyond  the  Pillars  of  Hercules  was  the  edge  of  a 
veritable  Plutonian  abyss,  men  went  forth  and  returned 
no  more.  And  the  wise  City  Fathers  at  the  gates  of 
Tyre  prophesied  this  and  that  sad  fate  to  the  blas- 
phemous seeker  of  the  secrets  of  the  gods.  How  many 

103845 


Vlll  PREFACE. 

stark  ribs  and  frames  of  erstwhile  stout  galleys  strewed 
the  Ionian  coasts  ere  the  Pillars  were  won  and  the 
far-off  Casseritides  reached.  No  Lloyd's  agencies,  no 
shipping  news,  then  existed  to  supply  the  record  ;  but 
we  may  feel  assured  that  the  City  Fathers  expressed  no 
astonishment,  but  accepted  the  fact  literally  when  once 
accomplished.  The  ocean  greyhound  is  now  an  every- 
day sight,  and  the  air-ship  will  soon  cease  to  cause 
astonishment. 

Since  recent  successful  experiments  and  commercial 
enterprise  have  combined  to  render  aerial  navigation 
a  prominent  feature  in  progressive  science,  no  apology 
is  needed  in  introducing  the  present  volume,  which 
treats  of  the  laws  governing  flight  as  exemplified  by 
animals,  birds,  and  insects,  and  of  the  construction  of 
dirigible  balloons,  aerostats,  aeroplanes,  and  aeromotors 
to  be  synthetically  deduced  therefrom  and  illustrated  by 
various  types  already  made. 

We  admit  the  air-ship  in  practice  to  combine  the 
aerostat,  aeroplane,  and  mechanical  propeller,  and  to  be 
absolutely  safe,  but  the  exact  proportions  each  must 
bear  to  the  others  is  not  within  the  province  of  a  work 
the  aim  of  which  is  to  convey  elementary  instruction  in 
a  popular  manner  ;  and  this  also  applies  to  the  aeroplane, 
the  term  here  being  applied  in  a  broad  sense.  When 
the  area  of  the  plane  is  subdivided  into  aerocurves,  or 
reactionary  surfaces  of  which  the  curvilinear  construc- 
tion is  based  upon  the  cissoid  curve,  the  elaborate 
calculations  governing  this  would  be  out  of  place.  And 
in  a  similar  manner  we  do  not  go  into  the  intricate 
problems  relating  to  the  screw  propeller  in  air,  and  its 


PREFACE.  ix 

reaction  upon  curved  aeroplanes,  but  have  endeavoured 
to  present  in  readable  fashion  a  thoroughly  practical 
basis  upon  which  the  air-ship  may  be  constructed  and 
understood  in  its  action. 

From  a  commercial  point  of  view  the  advantages  to 
be  derived  from  any  increased  speed  due  to  aerial  navi- 
gation as  against  other  modes  of  locomotion  are  not 
immediately  apparent,  except  for  light  postal  services. 
The  aeromotor  or  air-ship  will  always  be  of  great  value 
in  naval  and  military  tactics,  and  for  Ordnance  surveying 
purposes,  still  with  exactly  the  same  effect  that  applies 
to  seagoing  navies  and  war-craft  generally — that  is,  each 
Power,  whilst  proceeding  upon  the  defined  primary  lines 
of  construction,  will  strive  to  possess  the  best  aerial  navy, 
and  this  spirit  of  competition  will  be  good  for  inventors 
and  for  commerce  generally.  Aerial  navigation  can 
only  effect  a  revolution  in  international  matters  by  the 
discovery  and  application  of  the  neutralisation  and 
regulation  of  the  force  of  gravity.  Given  this  as  a  secret 
under  the  control  of  a  peaceful  and  highly  civilised 
Power,  and  war  and  its  concomitant  horrors  would  be 
a  story  of  the  past. 

The  true  co-ordination  of  physical  phenomena  brings 
creative  imagination  to  bear  upon  the  dead  side  of  the 
world  turned  to  us,  and  causes  us  to  comprehend  the 
pulsations  of  its  real  life  beyond  the  screen  of  materialism. 
So  co-ordinates  light,  electricity,  magnetism,  and  each 
new  imaginative  construction  brings  us  nearer  to  the 
conception  of  a  living  universe.  As  an  instance,  we  may 
take  the  now  well-known  "  cathode  rays,"  where  force 
takes  material  embodiment,  and  we  see  that  all  apparently 


X  PREFACE. 

quiescent  matter  is  really  energy  at  work  in  various 
forms  ;  and  again,  there  are  the  hitherto  undeveloped 
mysteries  of  radiation. 

The  attraction  of  gravitation  up  to  the  present  time 
has  not  co-ordinated  with  other  forces,  and  there  may 
yet  be  a  mode  of  applying  known  forces  in  aerostation 
in  this  wide  and  all  but  untrodden  field  of  research. 

FREDK.  WALKER. 


OXFORD,  2nd  June  1902. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER   I.    LAWS  OF  FLIGHT. 

PAGE 

FUNDAMENTAL  LAWS  ;  CONDOR  ;  ALBATROSS  ;  BIRDS' 
WINGS  ;  BATS  ;  COLEOPTERA,  WINGS  ;  HYMENOP- 
TERA,  WINGS  ;  NERVURES i 


CHAPTER   II.    AEROSTATICS. 

THE  ATMOSPHERE  ;  ALTITUDE  AND  PRESSURE  ;  BARO- 
METER ;  TABLES  ;  AERIAL  FLOTATION  ;  FORCES  ; 
BUOYANCY;  CALCULATIONS;  TEMPERATURE;  WEIGHT 
AND  GRAVITY  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  12 


CHAPTER    III.     AEROSTATS. 
VARIOUS  AEROSTATS    -  21 

CHAPTER    IV.    AERODYNAMICS. 

AIR  AS  A  MEDIUM  ;  DISPLACEMENT  AND  WEIGHT  ;  COM- 
PARATIVE TABLES  ;  EXPERIMENTS  ;  WAVE  OF  FLIGHT, 
DIAGRAMS  ;    REACTION,   DIAGRAMS  ;   EXPERIMENTAL     . 
DATA  ;     MECHANISM     FOR     DOUBLE     MOVEMENT  ; 
THEORY  OF  MANUMOTIVE  WINGS       -       -  31 


Xll  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  V.     SCRE  W  PROPULSION,  PADDLES, 
AND  AEROPLANES. 

PAGE 

AIR  RESISTANCE  ;  POWER  ;  WIND  RESISTANCE  ;  VELOCITY 
AND  POWER  ;  TABLES  ;  SCREW  PROPELLERS  ;  TYPES  ; 
STRUCTURE  ;  LAWS  ;  SLIP  ;  PITCH  ;  AREA  ;  PADDLES  ; 
JETS;  AEROPLANES;  ANGLES  AND  PRESSURE;  VARIOUS 
TYPES 49 


CHAPTER  VI.     MOTIVE  POWER. 

FUEL  ;  THERMIC  VALUES  AND  WEIGHT  ;  TABLES  ; 
GENERATORS  ;  BURNERS  ;  INTERNAL  COMBUSTION 
ENGINES  ;  VALUE  OF  LIQUID  FUELS  ;  CHEMICAL 
CONSTITUENCY  ;  RESIDUUM  ;  VAPORISING  ;  ENGINE 
TESTS  ;  WEIGHTS  ;  ELECTRICAL  MOTIVE  POWER  ; 
WEIGHT 83 


CHAPTER  VII.     STRUCTURE   OF  AIR- SHIPS 
AND  MATERIALS. 

MODELS  ;  WING  ACTION  ;  RUDDERS  ;  FRAMEWORK  ; 
STRENGTH  AND  WEIGHT  ;  CALCULATION  OF  STRAINS 
AND  STRESSES  ;  CASTINGS  ;  LIGHT  ALLOYS  ;  SOLDER- 
ING AND  BRAZING  ;  BEARINGS  ;  THRUST  BLOCKS  ; 
TORSIONAL  STRAIN  ON  SHAFTS  ;  HOLLOW  SHAFTS  ; 
VELOCITIES  AND  FRICTION  ;  WIRE  RIGGING  ; 
STRENGTH  AND  WEIGHT  ;  WOOD,  VARIOUS  KINDS, 
NATURE,  STRENGTH,  AND  WEIGHT  ;  AEROPLANES, 
FABRIC  AND  METAL  SHEET  ;  STRENGTH  AND  WEIGHT  10: 


CONTENTS.  Xlll 

CHAPTER  VIII.     AIR-SHIPS. 

PAGE 

ILLUSTRATED   TYPES   UP  TO   DATE,   FULL   DESCRIPTIVE 

DETAILS  -    117 

APPENDIX. 

CORRECTIONS  FOR  LATITUDE;  TABLES;  TRIGONOMETRICAL 
EQUIVALENTS  ;  DIAGRAMS  ;  FORM  OF  AEROSTAT 
ENDS  ;  PLOTTING  TEMPLETS  ;  USEFUL  LOGARITHMS 
FOR  CALCULATIONS  IN  CHAPTERS  ;  PHOTOGRAPHS  OF 
THE  SANTOS  DUMONT  TRIAL  -  -  -  -  -  137 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


AEROSTAT  ROUNDING  EIFFEL  TOWER     Frontispiece 

1.  OSSEOUS  FRAME  OF  BIRD'S  WING  2 

2.  BIRD'S  WING  3 

3.  BAT       -  5 

4.  STAG  BEETLE   -  6 

5.  FLIGHT  DIAGRAM  8 

6.  WINGS  OF  HYMENOPTERA  9 

7.  SERKIS-BEY  AEROSTAT  22 

8.  GOWER  AEROSTAT       -  23 

9.  BATE'S  AEROSTAT  24 
10.  DALE'S  AEROSTAT  25 
11,12.  FRYER'S  AEROSTAT  26 

13.  GLENDINNING'S  AEROSTAT  27 

14.  TAPSCOTT'S  AEROSTAT  28 

1 5.  SCOTT'S  AEROSTAT       -  29 

16.  WEIGHT  DIAGRAM       -  33 

17.  18,  19.  WING  CURVES  -  34-36 

20.  WING  DIAGRAM  36 

21.  PETTIGREW'S  PISTON  WING  37 

22.  WALKER'S  WING  MOTION  38 

23.  SMYTHIE'S  WING  MOTION  40 

24.  CORNELIUS'  WING  MOTION  41 

25.  CAPONE'S  WING  MOTION  43 

26.  GALLIENE'S  WING  MOTION  44 

27.  MIDDLETON'S  WING  MOTION  45 

28.  MARSHALL'S  WING  MOTION  46 

29.  VALVULAR  WINGS       -  47 

30.  OSCILLATING  WING  MOTION  -  47 

31.  RENNIE'S  PROPELLER  -  55 

32.  ERICHSEN'S  PROPELLER  55 

33.  CAYLEY'S  EXPERIMENT  56 


LIST   OF    ILLUSTRATIONS.  XV 

FIG.  PAGE 

34.  LAMINATED  PROPELLER  57 

35.  HENDERSON'S  PROPELLER  57 

36.  VOGELSAND'S  PROPELLER  .  57 

37.  38.  BOISSET  AND  MERCIER'S  PROPELLER  58 

39.  WILLIAMS'  PROPELLER  59 

40.  ALEXANDER'S  PROPELLER  60 

41.  FERAUD'S  PROPELLER  60 
SCHMIDT'S  PROPELLER  61 
CHILD'S  PROPELLER  62 

44.  STORE'S  PROPELLER  63 

45.  VOGELSANG'S  PROPELLER  63 

46.  ADAMS'  PROPELLER  64 

47.  PENNINGTON'S  PROPELLER  65 

48.  HEATHORN'S  PROPELLER  66 

49.  RAZEAU'S  PROPELLER  -  67 

50.  OETLING'S  PADDLE  68 

51.  MARTIN'S  PADDLE  69 

52.  AEROPLANE  DIAGRAM  71 

53.  PINAUD'S  EXPERIMENT  72 

54.  STRINGFELLOW'S  AEROPLANE  73 

55.  HENSON'S  AEROPLANE  74 

56.  CREASE'S  AEROPLANE  75 
57>  58>  59-  MAXIM'S  AEROPLANE   -  76-79 

60.  BEENEN'S  AEROPLANE  So 

61,  62,  63.  MAXIM'S  GENERATOR  -  87 
64,  65,  66.  TUBULAR  GENERATOR-  89 
67,  68.  MAXIM'S  GENERATOR  91 

69.  BARBE'S  HEATER  92 

70.  DAIMLER  ENGINE  95 

71.  KEELCOM  ENGINE  97 

72.  KEELCOM  CARBURETTOR  99 

73.  BALANCED  WING  ACTION  104 

74.  RUDDER  WING  ACTION  106 

75.  MAXIM'S  RUDDER  AEROPLANE  107 

76.  STRAINS  DIAGRAM       -  109 
76  \. PARALLELOGRAM  OF  FORCES  109 

77.  PARTRIDGE'S  AIR-SHIP  117 

78.  FOLACCI'S  AIR-SHIP     -  119 

79.  FALCONNET'S  AIR-SHIP  1 19 

80.  HILFREICH'S  AIR-SHIP  120 

81.  MOLESWORTH-HEPWORTH'S  AIR-SHIP  -  -        121 


xvi  LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 

FIG.  PAGE 

82.  DE  BAUSSET'S  AIR-SHIP  122 

83.  WORM'S  AIR-SHIP  -        122 

84.  BOISSET'S  AIR-SHIP      -  123 

85.  ROZE'S  AIR-SHIP  124 

86.  CHILLINGWORTH'S  AIR-SHIP  -  125 

87.  MIDDLETON'S  AIR-SHIP  126 

88.  PENNINGTON'S  AIR-SHIP  127 

89.  LOCHNER'S  AIR-SHIP   -  127 

90.  KITE'S  AIR-SHIP  128 

91.  BLUMELHUBER'S  AIR-SHIP  129 
92, 93.  NAHL'S  AIR-SHIP    -  130 

94.  LANGLEY'S  AIR-SHIP    -  131 

95,  96.  VON  ZEPPELIN'S  AIR-SHIP  132 
97.  AERAONIC  AIR-SHIP     -  134 
98-100.  DIAGRAMS  -                                                          137, 139 

101-104.  SANTOS  DUMONT'S  AIR-SHIP        -  143-146 


AERIAL    NAVIGATION. 


CHAPTER    I. 

THE  LA  WS   OF  FLIGHT. 

Fundamental  Laws. — There  is  a  certain  condition 
of  moving  bodies  which  affords  a  general  measure  of 
their  force.  When  a  moving  body  is  directly  opposed 
by  a  vis  niortua^  such  as  a  pressure  or  resistance  like  that 
of  gravity,  the  measure  of  such  vis  niortua  required  to 
neutralise  the  force  and  bring  the  moving  body  to  rest 
must  form  the  basis  of  the  measurement  of  the  force. 
The  problem  to  be  assumed  is,  in  measuring  the  said 
force,  to  consider  in  which  of  its  different  capacities  is  its 
effect  to  be  measured.  If  the  length  of  the  line  which 
the  moving  body  describes  against  a  uniform  resistance 
be  taken  as  the  effect  and  measure  of  the  force,  the  force 
is  as  the  square  of  the  velocity.  Taking  the  resistance 
to  be  that  exerted  by  gravity,  the  estimation  of  the  force 
becomes  definite,  and  is  measured  in  terms  of  the  square 
of  the  velocity.  And  a  body  in  true  flight  must  be 
capable  of  motion  in  both  directions,  against  the  air 
resistance  in  one  case  and  gravity  in  the  other,  and  the 
force  must  be  continuous,  as  will  be  seen  hereafter. 

Natural  Flight. — The  method  of  rising  and  pro- 
gressing in  the  air  varies  according  to  the  requirements 
of  the  animal,  bird,  or  insect  provided  by  nature  with 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

wings.     Such  birds  as  the  condor  {S acker amphtis  gryphus] 

and  the  albatross  (Diomedea  cxulans]  are  capable  of 
extended  flight,  the  former  poising  as  it  were  in  the 
air  at  an  altitude  of  over  10,000  ft.,  and  the  latter 
following  a  ship  for  a  thousand  miles.  The  wing  surface 
of  these  birds  is  oblique,  so  that  a  rapid  horizontal  move- 
ment is  attained.  This  movement,  being  diagonal  or 
spiral,  as  the  case  may  be,  carries  the  bird  upwards,  and 
when-  it  drops,  by  partially  closing  its  wings,  it  does  so 
in  a  diagonal  direction  with  great  rapidity,  acquiring 
such  momentum  as  to  carry  it  upwards  again.  And  the 


equipoise  of  the  body  is  so  sensitive,  depending  as  it 
were  on  the  fulcrum  of  the  wings,  that  the  long  flight 
is  maintained  without  an  apparent  flap.  Soaring  birds, 
such  as  the  skylark,  have  the  wings  set  horizontally  when 
extended,  in  order  to  effect  the  upward  flight  in  nearly  a 
vertical  direction. 

The  osseous  framework  of  these  wings  is  shown  by 
Fig.  i.  The  humerus  c  articulates  with  a  cavity  between 
the  comcoid  bone  b  and  the  scapula  a.  It  is  directed 
backward  in  repose,  approximately  parallel  with  the  spine. 
The  humerus  articulates  at  the  opposite  extremity  with 


THE    LAWS   OF   FLIGHT.  3 

the  cubitus  or  forearm,  which  is  composed  of  the  ulna  d 
and  radius  ey  and  is  so  jointed  as  to  fold  when  at  rest  in 
a  direction  parallel  to  that  of  the  humerus.  The  carpus 
consists  of  two  small  bones  fyf  placed  between  the  outer 
extremity  of  the  cubitus  and  the  metacarpus  g,  which 
consists  of  two  bones  united  at  both  ends.  From  the 
anterior  edge  of  the  metacarpus  projects  the/0//<£tr  h  and 
two  digital  bones  or  phalanges  i,  j.  These  latter  are 
analogous  to  the  fingers,  and  the/0/toto  the  thumb  of  a 


hand.  The  pectoral  muscles  operating  the  humerus  are 
immensely  powerful,  extending  from  a  deep  stermim  or 
breast  bone,  shaped  like  the  keel  of  a  ship.  This  qualifies 
the  enormous  expenditure  of  force  which  takes  place 
when  the  body  is  not  only  supported  but  raised  and  pro- 
pelled through  the  air.  The  bones  of  a  bird  are  not  only 
hollow,  but  in  direct  communication  with  the  lungs, 
which  admits  of  a  constant  supply  of  rarefied  air,  of  less 
density  than  that  surrounding  it.  Also  the  general 
structure  affords  the  maximum  of  strength  combined 


4  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

with  the  minimum  of  weight  The  skeleton  of  a  condor 
measuring  6  ft.  4  in.  over  the  tips  of  the  wings,  when 
newly  articulated,  and  before  the  moisture  had  evaporated, 
was  only  9.7  oz. 

Referring  to  Fig.  2,  the  arrangement  of  the  feathers  is 
shown,  the  primaries  P  springing  from  the  digits  /,  j  and 
the  metacarpus  g>  as  shown  by  Fig.  i.  The  secondaries  S 
take  their  origin  from  the  cubitus,  and  the  spurious  wing  or 
alula  SW  springs  from  the  pollex  or  thumb.  The  expan- 
sion and  contraction  of  the  muscular  system,  in  which  the 
primaries  and  secondaries  are  held  by  their  extremities, 
cause  a  semi-rotary  movement  to  be  imparted  to  each 
feather  simultaneously  with  the  movement  imparted  to 
the  hmnerus  by  the  pectoral  muscles.  In  all  cases  the 
motion  due  to  the  action  of  the  wings  must  be  such  that 
the  air  is  struck  with  less  force  during  the  up-stroke  than 
during  the  down-stroke ;  otherwise  the  effect  of  the 
former  would  neutralise  that  of  the  latter.  Thus  the 
semi-rotary  movement  of  the  feathers  before-mentioned 
causes  the  surface  of  the  wing  to  be  altered  upon  the  up- 
stroke, by  turning  the  feathers  so  as  to  present  the  edges 
to  the  air,  closing  them  to  present  a  flat  surface  on  the 
down-stroke.  This  is  analogous  to  the  movement  called 
"  feathering  "  in  rowing,  and  also  in  using  paddle  wheels. 
Referring  to  the  fundamental  laws  at  the  commencement 
of  this  chapter,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  resistance  varies 
as  the  square  of  the  velocity  of  the  stroke.  Hence,  if  the 
down-stroke  be  made  at  three  times  the  speed  rate  of 
the  up-stroke,  the  resistance  is  nine  times  greater.  But 
as  this  only  operates  during  one-third  of  the  time,  it  is  in 
effect  equal  to  three  times  that  which  operates  against 
the  up-stroke.  Therefore  the  alteration  of  the  effective 
area  of  the  wing  at  each  portion  of  the  double  stroke  is 
essential  to  flight. 

In  the  case  of  the  flight  of  bats  ( Vespertilio]  the 


THE   LAWS   OF   FLIGHT.  5 

method  of  varying  the  surface  area  is  necessarily  different, 
since  a  soft  membrane  takes  the  place  of  feathers. 

The  general  structure  of  a  bat's  wing  is  shown  by 
Fig.  3.  Here  the  cubitus  d  articulates  with  the  humerus  c, 
and  carries  the  phalanges  /,  /,  k  and  a  hooked  thumb  //. 
The  hinder  legs  /  terminate  in  a  single  hooked  phalange, 
and  the  tail  /  supports  the  caudal  membrane,  which  by 
deflection  enables  the  animal  to  steer  its  flight.  The 
method  of  flight  is  to  rise  by  flapping,  the  up-stroke 


being  made  with  the  wing  surface  diminished  and  the 
membrane  slackened  by  partial  closure  of  \he. phalanges 
/',/,  k,  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  case  of  the  flight  of 
birds.  The  bat  swoops  downwards  with  extended  wings, 
fully  stretched,  and  by  a  sudden  deviation  ascends  again 
diagonally,  impelled  by  the  acquired  momentum  of  the 
rapid  ascent.  Or  the  animal  may  fly  in  a  spiral  or 
curvilinear  direction.  The  sense  of  equilibrium  is  highly 
developed,  and  the  darting  flight  is  sustained  for  hours 
without  the  necessity  for  alighting. 


6  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

The  pterodactyl,  a  huge  flying  lizard,  now  extinct, 
had  wings  of  this  description,  and  its  method  of  flying 
was  undoubtedly  the  same. 

The  flight  of  insects  varies  somewhat,  and  although 
the  power  is  exerted  in  the  same  ratio  relatively  to 
resistance  and  velocity  as  in  the  cases  before-mentioned, 


the  higher  velocity  of  displacement  of  air  alters  the  con- 
ditions. When  a  volume  of  air  is  displaced  by  a  series 
of  infinitely  rapid  vibrations,  the  wave  effect  is  that  of 
the  waves  given  off  from  the  striking  surface  of  the  wing 
at  a  high  velocity  and  the  incoming  waves  to  fill  the 
displacement  at  a  less  velocity.  Air  delivered  at  a  high 


THE   LAWS   OF   FLIGHT.  7 

velocity  in  this  manner  partakes  of  the  attributes  of  a 
fluid  under  similar  conditions,  that  is  to  say,  it  is  sprayed 
or  atomised,  and  to  a  certain  extent,  rarefied.  This 
phenomenon  is  of  importance  when  studying  the  flight 
of  coleopterous  insects.* 

Fig.  4  shows  the  arrangement  of  the  organs  of  flight 
of  the  common  stag  beetle  (Lucanus  cervus\  in  which 
the  anterior  wings  or  elytra  are  corneous  in  structure, 
presenting  a  convex  outer  surface  and  a  concave  inner 
surface.  The  elytra  a  form  cases  for  protecting  the 
membranaceous  posterior  wings  w  when  closed  and  in 
repose,  and  the  muscles  of  the  thorax  x  merely  allow  of 
opening  and  closing,  or  remaining  rigid  in  either  position. 
The  true  wing  is  the  posterior  w,  and  consists  of  two 
layers  of  thin  membrane,  one  superimposed  above  the 
other,  and  covering  intersecting  ribs  or  nervures,  which 
form  the  framework  and  the  source  of  vibratory  motion. 
These  nervures,  which  to  the  unassisted  eye  appear  like 
threads,  are  of  varying  thicknesses,  the  thicker  nervures 
passing  horizontally  through  the  wing,  and  the  thinner 
ones  intersecting  them.  The  upper  faces  of  the  nervures 
are  of  a  horny  structure  and  adhere  closely  to  the  upper 
membrane,  but  the  under  surfaces  are  not  so  intimately 
attached  to  the  under  membrane,  and  are  flattened. 
Thus  the  under  membrane  may  be  separated  by  skilful 
dissection  for  purposes  of  microscopic  examination. 
These  nervures  are  tubular  in  form,  tapering  toward 
the  end  or  edge  of  the  wing,  and  within  them  is  disposed 
a  spiral  elastic  tube,  with  the  inner  end  communicating 


*  This  theory  of  vibratory  flight  is  due  to  M.  Chabrier,  and 
explained  in  his  "Essai  sur  le  Vol  des  Insectes,"  and  carries  a 
certain  amount  of  probability,  which  has  not,  by  reason  of  the 
extreme  delicacy  of  such  a  mechanical  test,  been  put  to  the  proof 
of  experiment,  The  subject  is  worthy  of  further  research. 


8  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

with  the  lungs,  or  an  air  vessel  controlled  by  muscles  so 
as  to  dilate  or  contract  at  the  will  of  the  insect.  This 
spirally  rolled  tube  constitutes  a  trachea,  Thus  the  air 
is  struck  as  it  were  by  the  flattened  stretched  surface  at 
one  period  of  the  vibration  and  slackened  at  the  other 
period.  The  terms  up-stroke  and  down-stroke  are  not 
applicable  to  a  vibrating  surface  which  changes  its 
direction  and  character  many  hundreds  of  times  in  a 
second  of  time.  When  we  consider  that  the  thorax  x,y 
(comprising  the  prothorax,  mesothorax,  and  metathorax) 
and  the  extended  claws  z  are  of  considerable  bulk,  and 
also  extend  beyond  the  fulcrum  of  the  wing  iv,  it  is  idle  to 


Fig.  5. 

conceive  that  the  anterior  fixed  wing  or  elytra  a  is  not  an 
organ  of  suspension,  if  not  of  flight.  It  will  be  seen  that 
the  outer  nervurc  or  radius  c  terminates  in  a  branch  d, 
the  stigma,  which  forms  a  junction  with  the  second 
nervature  or  cubitus.  Since  the  radius  c  is  thicker  than 
the  other  nervatures,  it  forms  with  the  stigma  a  cup  or 
concavity  approximately  fitting  the  edge  of  the  elytra  a. 
Thus,  referring  to  the  diagram,  Fig.  5,  in  which  the 
wing  w  is  tense,  and  vibrating  downwards,  the  direction 
of  the  air  currents  diverted  into  a  is  shown  by  the  arrows, 
and  when  the  wing  w  is  slackened  at  the  other  period  of 
vibration,  the  cup  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  radius  c 
and  stigma  d  approximately  closes  the  posterior  edge  of 


THE   LAWS   OF   FLIGHT.  9 

the  elytra  a.  We  have  seen  that  air  displaced  at  a  high 
velocity  is  subject  to  rarefaction,  and  therefore  is  lighter 
than  the  surrounding  air.  These  conditions  enable  the 
rigid  elytra  to  support  the  projecting  organs.  Although 
the  coleoptera  are  distinguished  by  a  trunk  of  consider- 
able bulk,  it  is  owing  to  its  membrane-cellular  structure, 
of  extreme  lightness,  and  the  organs  for  the  diffusion  of 
air,  permeating  the  whole  organic  formation,  render  this 
type  of  insect  capable  of  a  tolerable  range  of  flight. 


Fig.S. 


The  wings,  and  consequently  the  conditions  of  flight, 
vary  according  to  the  general  shape  and  bulk  of  the 
types  of  insects,  since,  in  the  case  of  the  hemiptera,  the 
elytra  are  semi-corneous  or  coriaceouSj  forming  a  vibra- 
tory anterior  wing,  and  at  the  same  time,  by  reason  of 
their  leathery  structure,  constituting  a  sheath  for  the 
posterior  wing,  of  membranous  consistence.  In  the  lepi- 
doptera  and  hymenoptera  the  anterior  and  posterior 
wings  are  alike.  Referring  to  Fig.  6,  which  shows  the 
disposition  of  the  nervures  of  the  wings  of  hymenoptera, 
in  B  the  radius  or  chief  nervure  a  and  the  cubital  nervure 


10  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

b  join  to  form  the  stigma  c.  These  being  the  primitive 
nervures,  other  lesser  nervures  termed  brachial  gy  spring 
from  the  thorax  towards  the  extremity  of  the  wing.  In 
B  a  radial  nervure  d  springs  from  the  stigma  c  to  the 
anterior  edge,  enclosing  by  an  intersecting  nervure  a 
membranous  space  called  the  radial  cell  a  (sketches  A 
and  C).  Cubital  cells  b  and  e  are  similarly  formed.  The 
brachial  nervures  and  their  branches  form  humeral  cells 
h,  D,  by  intersection,  and  also  discoidal  cells  z,  A,  c,  and 
extensions  of  the  brachial  nervures  g  towards  the  pos- 
terior edge  of  the  wing,  starting  from  an  intersecting 
nervure,  are  termed  recurrent  nervures  fy  u.  Now  the 
theory  of  flight  in  the  case  of  such  wings  is  upon  the 
presumed  alternation  of  dilation  of  the  radius  and  cubitus 
together,  and  the  brachial  nervures  together,  thus  forming 
a  wave-like  undulation  of  the  surface  from  the  anterior 
to  the  posterior  edges  of  the  wing  at  an  approximately 
right  angle  to  the  longitudinal  nervures.  The  progress 
of  the  insect  during  flight  is,  according  to  this  theory, 
due  to  a  rapid  displacement  of  air  in  a  given  plane,  the 
actions  of  rising  and  falling  being  effected  by  an  altera- 
tion of  the  angle  of  the  surface  in  the  thoracic  articulation. 
To  describe  the  motion  in  plain  language,  it  may  be  said 
that  the  wing  surface  rests  upon  a  rapidly  moving  film 
of  air  rarefied  by  the  velocity  of  impact,  the  rarefaction 
and  movement  being  derived  from  the  undulatory  motion 
due  to  alternate  dilations  of  the  spiral  internal  nervures, 
the  alternations  being  performed  at  a  high  velocity.  In 
its  proper  place  it  may  be  shown  how  artificial  flight 
may  be  mechanically  produced  in  exactly  the  same 
manner. 

The  membranous  skin  uniting  the  fore  and  hind  legs 
of  the  flying  opossum  (Pataurus  sciurus)  and  other  so- 
called  flying  animals,  simply  acts  as  an  aeroplane  or  para- 
chute enabling  them  to  drop  from  a  height  and  travel 


THE   LAWS   OF   FLIGHT.  II 

across  a  certain  space  laterally  whilst  doing  so.  In  the 
opposition  of  a  wind  current,  ascension  may  be  effected 
by  angular  steering  assisted  by  the  momentum  acquired 
by  the  fall.  Flying  fish  (Exocctus]  arc  provided  with 
extended  pectoral  fins  which  form  aeroplanes,  and  enable 
them  to  skim  from  wave  to  wave. 


CHAPTER    II. 

AEROSTATICS. 

The  Atmosphere. — The  elastic  medium  called  air 
forms  a  sheath  as  it  were  around  the  earth  from  40 
to  50  miles  in  thickness.  Air  being  an  elastic  fluid,  the 
particles  thereof  repel  each  other  with  a  force  varying 
inversely  as  the  distance  of  the  centre  of  the  particles 
from  each  other.  Therefore  the  volume  and  conse- 
quently the  pressure  depend  upon  each  other.  The 
law  of  altitudes  and  densities  is  as  follows  : — 

Take  the  altitudes  above  the  surface  of  the  earth  in 
arithmetical  progression,  the  equivalent  densities  will  be 
in  geometrical  progression  decreasing. 

Thus,  if  at  a  certain  altitude  above  the  earth's  surface 
the  density  of  the  air  be  one-half  that  of  the  surface 
density,  at  twice  the  altitude  the  density  will  be  one- 
fourth  of  the  surface  density.  The  height  is  measured 
in  these  terms  by  a  barometer,  which  is  constructed 
upon  the  basis  that  the  atmosphere  at  sea  level  will 
support  a  column  of  mercury  30  in.  in  height  at  a 
normal  temperature  of  64°  Fahr.  This  corresponds  to 
a  pressure  of  14.72  Ibs.  per  square  inch.  It  is  necessary 
to  consider  the  barometer  as  an  instrument  for  measuring 
the  height  above  sea  level,  and  also  of  external  surface 
pressure.  The  usual  form  of  barometer  used  is  that 
known  as  l(  aneroid,"  the  action  of  which  depends  upon 
the  variation  of  external  pressure  upon  an  exhausted 
corrugated  cylinder  in  which  nearly  a  perfect  vacuum 
has  been  formed.  An  index,  reading  inches  of  mercury, 


AEROSTATICS. 


feet  in  height  above  sea  level,  and  pressure  is  delicately 
connected  to  the  exhausted  cylinder,  which  expands 
under  decreased  atmospheric  pressure  and  indicates  the 
degrees  upon  the  dial.  Air  is  sensitive  to  variations 
of  temperature,  and  the  barometrical  readings  have  to 
be  corrected  accordingly. 

At  the  sea  level  the  air  pressure  is  2119.8  Ibs.  per 
square  foot,  and  the  following  table  shows  the  decrease 
at  different  altitudes  : — 


Barometer, 
Inches. 

Altitude, 
Feet. 

Pounds, 
Square  Foot. 

Barometer, 
Inches. 

Altitude, 
Feet. 

Pounds, 
Square  Foot. 

29-5 

351 

2091.0 

2O.  O 

io,593 

1413.2 

29.0 

872 

2055.7 

19-5 

11,254 

1377-8 

28.5 

1,340 

2013.7 

19.0 

11,933 

1342.5 

28.0 

1,  802 

1978.4 

18.5 

12,630 

1307.1 

27-5 

2,273 

I943-I 

iS.o 

13,346 

I27I.8 

27.0 

2,753 

1907.8 

17-5 

14,082 

1236.5 

26.5 

3,241 

1872.4 

17.0 

14,839 

I20I.2 

26.0 

3,739 

1837.1 

16.5 

15,619 

1165.8 

25-5 

4,276 

1811.8 

16.0 

16,423 

H30.5 

25.0 

4,763 

1776.5 

15-5 

17,252 

1095.2 

24-5 

5,291 

i73i-i 

15.0 

18,109 

1059.9 

24.0 

5,830 

1695.8 

14-5 

i8,995 

1024.5 

23-5 

6,380 

1600.4 

14.0 

19,911 

989.2 

23.0 

6,942 

1625.1 

13-5 

20,862 

953-8 

22.5 

7,5i6 

1559-8 

130 

21,847 

918.5 

22.  0 

8,103 

1524-5 

12.5 

23,412 

883.2 

21.5 

8,704 

1519.1 

12.0 

23,874 

847.9 

21.  0 

9,3J9 

1483.8 

"•5 

24,984 

812.5 

20.5 

9,948 

1448.5 

II.  O 

26,142 

777.2 

The   altitude   may   always   be   computed    from    the 
barometer  readings  according  to  the  formula 
4771  —  £ 


14  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

Where  4771  is  30  log.  and  £  =  log.  of  barometer  reading 
in  inches,  /  being  the  temperature  correction  according 
to  the  following  table,  and  A  the  altitude  in  feet. 


TABLE  SHOWING  VALUES  OF  /,  DEGREE  FAHK. 


Sjg 

2>  ^ 

t. 

y 

Q* 

t. 

14 

Q* 

/. 

fc 

/. 

H 

/. 

u 

Qfc 

t. 

40 

•973 

64 

1.  000 

88 

1.027 

112 

1-053 

136 

1.080 

160 

1.106 

42 

.976 

66 

1.002 

90 

1.029 

II4 

1-055 

138 

1.082 

162 

1.  108 

44 

.978 

68 

I.OO4 

92 

1.031 

116 

1-057 

140 

1.084 

164 

i.  in 

46 

.980 

70 

1.007 

94 

1-033 

118 

1.060 

142 

1.087 

166 

I.II3 

48 

.982 

72 

1.009 

96 

1.036 

120 

1.062 

144 

1.089 

1  68 

1.115 

50 

.984 

74 

I.  Oil 

98 

1.038 

122 

1.064 

146 

1.091 

170 

1.117 

52 

.987 

76 

1.013 

100 

1.040 

124 

1.066 

148 

1.093 

172 

1.  120 

54 

.989 

78 

1.010 

102 

1.042 

126 

1.068 

150 

1.096 

174 

1.  122 

56 

.991 

80 

1.018 

104 

1.044 

128 

1.070 

152 

1.098 

176 

1.124 

58 

•993 

82 

1.020 

106 

1.047 

130 

1-073 

'54 

1.  100 

178 

I.I26 

60 

.996 

84 

I.O22 

108 

1.049 

132 

1.076 

156 

I.IO2 

180 

I.  129 

62 

.998 

86 

1.024 

no 

1.051 

134 

1.078 

158 

I.I04 

182 

I.I3I 

In  this  table  t  is  determined  by  the  sum  of  the 
lowest  and  highest  barometrical  readings.  A  further 
system  for  correcting  inaccurate  measuring  is  given  in 
the  tables  for  latitude,  £c.,  in  the  Appendix. 

Aerial  Flotation. — A  body  immersed  in  air  loses 
exactly  in  weight  that  of  the  volume  of  air  displaced  ; 
therefore  in  dealing  with  such  a  body  as  an  aerostat 
we  have  three  distinct  things  to  consider ;  first>  the 
power  of  an  aerostat  to  rise  through  the  air ;  second, 
the  velocity  of  its  ascent ;  and  third,  the  stability  of 
its  suspension  at  any  given  altitude,  against  the  resist- 


AEROSTATICS.  15 

ance  due  to  gravity.  The  aerostat,  pure  and  simple, 
has  an  independent  part  to  perform  in  all  aeronautic 
machines,  except  the  true  aeroplanes  and  aeromotor 
planes,  therefore  it  is  worthy  a  detailed  study.  Since 
heated  or  rarefied  air  as  a  medium  for  filling  an  aerostat 
is  not  of  practical  utility  in  sustained  flight  of  long 
duration,  we  will  not  occupy  space  with  the  matter, 
assuming  hydrogen  or  carburetted  hydrogen  to  be  used. 

Pure  hydrogen  (H)  (atomic  weight  I,  density  i)  is 
a  colourless,  odourless,  tasteless  gas,  and  is  1443  times 
lighter  than  atmospheric  air,  consequently  it  is  the  best 
medium  for  filling  aerostats.  Coal  gas  or  carburetted 
hydrogen  is  the  next  best,  and  varies  according  to  the 
material  used  and  the  mode  of  its  manufacture.  This 
variation  is  such  as  to  render  the  gas  from  10  to  6  times 
lighter  than  air. 

The  force  exerted  in  ascent  is  the  excess  of  the 
weight  of  an  equal  bulk  of  atmospheric  air  above  the 
aggregate  weight  of  the  included  gas,  plus  the  gas-tight 
envelope  and  all  appendages  ;  in  other  words  the  final 
power  of  ascent  is  the  difference  between  the  weight 
of  the  included  gas  and  of  that  of  an  equal  volume 
of  external  air,  further  diminished  by  the  weight  of  the 
whole  apparatus.  Supposing  the  form  of  the  aerostat 
to  be  the  same  in  all  cases,  this  load,  as  a  resistance, 
as  it  depends  upon  the  quantity  of  surface  contained 
in  the  bag  or  envelope,  must  be  proportioned  to  the 
square  of  the  diameter ;  whereas  the  difference  between 
the  internal  or  external  fluids,  which  constitutes  the 
whole  of  the  buoyant  force,  increases  with  the  capacity 
of  the  envelope,  the  proportionate  ratio  to  the  cube 
of  the  diameter.  Therefore  it  is  obvious  that  however 
small  the  excess  may  be  of  the  specific  gravity  of  the 
external  air  above  that  of  the  included  fluid,  there  must 
always  exist  some  corresponding  dimension  which  would 


16  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

enable  an  aerostat  to  mount  in  the  atmosphere.  Aero- 
stats are  usually  constructed  to  present  a  spherical  form, 
or  an  elongated  cylinder  with  hemispherical  ends.* 

A  sphere  I  ft.  in  diameter  holds  281.75  grains  of 
atmospheric  air,  and  approximately  21.67  grains  of 
hydrogen,  and  the  difference  is  260  grains.  That  is 
to  say,  if  an  aerostat  I  ft.  in  diameter  were  to  be  filled 
with  hydrogen  gas,  and  the  envelope  and  load  together 
weighed  260  grains,  equilibrium  would  be  established, 
and  it  would  not  rise.  But  if  the  envelope  and  load 
be  100  grains,  the  buoyancy  or  flotation  value  would 
be  equivalent  to  1 60  grains.  It  is  obvious  that  the 
efficient  power  of  ascension,  or  the  excess  of  the  whole 
buoyant  force  over  the  absolute  weight  of  the  apparatus, 
would,  by  acting  constantly,  produce  an  accelerated 
motion  if  it  were  not  checked,  and  eventually  rendered 
uniform  by  the  resistance  or  inertia  of  the  atmosphere. 
If  it  were  not  for  this  resistance  the  velocity  of  ascent 
which  an  aerostat  would  gain  would  be  in  the  same 
proportion  as  a  falling  body  acquires  in  the  same  time 
as  the  efficient  buoyancy  is  to  the  aggregate  weight 
of  the  apparatus  and  the  contained  gas.  We  may 
estimate  the  final  or  uniform  velocity  from  the  following 
formula,  in  which  D  =  diameter  in  feet,  and  P  ascensional 
power  or  buoyancy  in  pounds,  and  V  the  ascensional 
velocity  in  feet  per  second,  or  that  velocity  which  causes 
an  air  resistance  equal  to  the  buoyant  force  or  flotation 
value.  Then 

v=f  x  VP 


*  A  "prolate  spheroid"  affords  the  maximum  of  buoyancy  with 
the  minimum  of  resistance  to  the  air  (see  Prolate  Spheroid  Table 
in  the  Appendix),  and  may  be  defined  as  a  solid  proceeding  from 
an  ellipse. 


AEROSTATICS.  17 

and   for  example,  take  an   aerostat   50  ft.  in   diameter 
with  a  force  P  of  576  Ibs.     Then  the  equation  becomes 

40 

v'     •-—    or 


^x  24  =  —  =  19.2  ft.  per  second, 

or  a  mile  in  4^  minutes. 

The  final  point  to  be  considered  is  the  stability  of 
an  aerostat  at  a  certain  altitude,  at  which  the  forces  are 
in  equilibrium. 

For  purposes  of  calculation  we  assume  that  the 
atmosphere  is  of  the  same  density  as  at  the  earth's 
surface  for  26,000  ft.  —  that  is  to  say,  homogeneous 
throughout  —  in  order  to  find  the  altitude  a  to  which 
an  aerostat  will  rise  until  the  volume  of  displaced  air 
equals  the  capacity,  and  is  as  weight  to  weight. 

The   density  at  altitude   a   is   e^rf  a  x  density   at 

K 

earth's  surface  (d\  where  e  —  \\\Q  base  of  hyperbolic 
logarithms,  and  ka  constant,  £•  equivalent  of  gravity  at 
earth's  surface,  32.2.*  Then  if  D  =  displacement  of 
aerostat  and  adjuncts,  and  w  =  weight  of  aerostat,  gas, 
and  adjuncts, 

density  of  air,  and 


After  the  altitude  readings  are  corrected  for  temperature 
/  and  latitude  A,  g  may  be  corrected  also,  but  since  the 
error  is  trifling,  as  the  radius  of  the  earth  is  4,000  miles, 


*  If  the  Brigg  logarithmic  system  be  used,  the  result  must  be 
x  2. 3026,  being  the  reciprocal  of  the  modulus. 

B 


1  8  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

and  a  is  necessarily  less  than  B,  it  may  be  accounted 
negligible. 

Taking  an  example,  air  being  .08073  Ib.  per  cubic 
foot,  and  hydrogen  .005592  Ib.  per  cubic  foot,  an  aerostat 
100,000  cub.  ft.  in  capacity  will  weigh  with  the  envelope, 
car,  passengers,  and  accessories  about  3,000  Ibs.,  and  the 
gas  559  Ibs.  =  3,559  Ibs.  The  air  displaced  is  8,073  Ibs. 
say,  and  the  effective  difference  4,514  Ibs.  Therefore 
the  altitude  a  to  which  the  aerostat  must  rise,  at  which 
the  capacity  weighs  3,559  Ibs.,  is  the  normal  altitude, 
at  which  the  ascending  force  is  neutralised,  and  vertical 
movement  ceases.  Then 


26000     8073 

Therefore  a  =  \og.  8073  —  log.  3559  =  21,000  ft.  About 
half  the  original  quantity  of  gas  has  probably  escaped 
when  this  altitude  has  been  attained,  unless  a  suitable 
provision  for  storing  it  has  been  made.  Therefore  the 
weight  3,559  Ibs.  is  reduced  280  Ibs.,  and  about  200  ft. 
is  added  to  the  altitude  a.  Nadar,  in  his  large  balloon 
"  Le  Ge"ant,"  used  a  compensator,  or  a  smaller  balloon 
affixed  to  the  neck  of  the  larger  balloon,  and  empty  at 
starting,  in  order  that  the  expanding  gas  may  be  con- 
served in  the  ascent.  Green,  in  1821,  used  a  "guide,  or 
trailing  rope,"  which  formed  an  automatic  regulator, 
since  when  descending  the  aerostat  was  relieved  of 
the  weight,  and  this  increased  when  ascending.  This 
device  is  also  useful  as  a  fulcrum  in  dirigible  aerostats, 
in  which  steering  is  imperfectly  effected  by  sails  or 
rudders. 

Boyle's  law  regarding  the  expansion  of  gases  is, 
"  The  density  of  a  gas  is  proportional  to  its  pressure  for 
the  same  temperature." 

The  temperature  at  various  altitudes  is  variable  for 


AEROSTATICS.  19 

many  reasons,  such  as  meteorological  changes  and  the 
like.  The  following  formulae  are  useful  for  obtaining 
data  in  respect  of  expansion  of  gas  : — 

Let  P  =  pressure  at  30  in.  of  mercury. 

/  =  temperature  of  gas. 

V  =  volume  of  gas  at  30  in.  of  mercury. 

v  =  volume  of  gas  at  any  temperature  /. 

w  =  weight  of  gas  at  30  in.  of  mercury. 

w  =  weight  of  gas  at  any  temperature  t. 

p  =  pressure  at  any  temperature  t. 

k  —  co-efficient  of  expansion  with  each  de- 
gree of  temperature  =  .002036°  Fahr., 
.003665°  Cent. 

(a)  p  =  P(i  +  kt). 
(jj)  v  =  V  (i  +  kt). 

(c]  V  = 


kt 


I  +  kt 
(e)  w  =  w  (i  -f  kt). 

Hydrogen  gas  varies  with  the  method  of  manufac- 
ture, but  when  made  by  the  decomposition  of  zinc  by 
water  and  sulphuric  acid,  and  the  gas  evolved  is  treated 
with  quick  or  unslaked  lime  to  eliminate  the  moisture, 
the  lifting  power  is  approximately  14.6  cub.  ft.  to  i  Ib. 
in  weight.  And  it  may  be  assumed  that  20  sq.  ft.  of 
varnished  silk  weighs  i  Ib.  In  ascertaining  the  diameter 
and  weight  of  an  aerostat,  let 

w  =  total  weight   to  be  raised  (aerostat  included, 

with  accessories). 

w  =  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  air  —  .080728  Ib, 
w'  =  weight  of  the  gas. 
D   =  diameter  of  aerostat. 


20  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

Then 


w 


.5236  (w  —  w') 

W  =  D3O  —  w')  X  .5236. 

We  may,  from  the  data  afforded  by  the  formulae 
given,  estimate  the  proportions  of  an  aerostat  to  suit  the 
conditions  of  various  cases  of  adaptation,  and  may  pro- 
ceed to  describe  and  analyse  the  different  types  that 
have  been  used  for  experimental  or  practical  purposes. 


CHAPTER    III. 

AEROSTATS. 

IN  dealing  with  the  subject  of  aerostats  it  is  not  within 
the  scope  of  this  work  to  detail  the  older  types  of 
ordinary  heated  air  and  gas  balloons,  nor  the  record 
of  aerial  voyages  already  well  known  to  the  reading 
public,  but  rather  to  describe  the  various  improvements 
of  later  date. 

It  is  unlikely  that  the  aerostat  will  in  the  future 
occupy  any  other  position  in  aeronautics  than  that  of  a 
buoyant  support  for  motive  power  and  steering  apparatus 
in  combination  with  aeroplanes  and  aeromotors,  except 
for  military  or  surveying  purposes,  therefore  we  may 
enlarge  upon  it  as  an  auxiliary  appendage  in  the  proper 
place. 

The  Serkis-bey  aerial  machine  is  a  combination  of 
an  aerostat  and  a  parachute,  and  when  used  in  the  latter 
capacity  it  may  to  some  extent  be  steered. 

The  apparatus,  as  shown  by  the  elevation,  Fig.  7, 
consists  of  a  light  framework  of  radial  rods  ;;/,  with 
strengthening  rods  attached  to  a  collar  e  upon  the 
central  hollow  stalk  which  supports  the  structure.  The 
convex  surface  inside  e  is  lined  or  covered  by  an  im- 
pervious membrane  which  forms  the  lower  part  of  the 
umbrella-shaped  aerostat  a,  b,c.  The  outer  rim  b,  c  forms 
the  supporting  hoop  g  for  the  car  j.  When  it  is  desired 
to  descend,  the  gas  is  allowed  to  escape  by  a  valve  at  a, 
and  the  envelope  when  wholly  or  partially  exhausted  is 


22 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


inversely  compressed  by  the  resistance  of  the  air,  and 
acts  as  a  parachute.  The  cord  or  suspensory  stay  /,  d  is 
then  tightened  or  released,  and  by  thus  changing  the 
centre  of  gravity  the  envelope  a,  b,  c  is  obliquely  inclined, 
and  the  direction  of  descent  may  be  guided  or  steered 


by  a  rudder  f,h  controlled  by  cords  o.  If  the  gas  is  not 
wholly  exhausted,  a  fresh  ascent  may  be  made  by  throw- 
ing out  ballast,  and  another  oblique  descent  effected. 
This  is  noteworthy  as  an  ingenious  device  rather  than 
a  practical  machine. 


AEROSTATS. 


The  Gower  aerostat  is  essentially  a  military  machine, 
and  is  designed  to  automatically  control  the  elevation, 
and  also  to  release  explosives  at  a  predetermined  time 
and  place. 

The  principal  feature  consists  in  utilising  the  varia- 


Fig.S. 

tion  of  the  vertical  length  of  the  aerostat  as  it  tends  to 
rise  or  fall,  to  open  the  gas  valve  A,  Fig.  8,  or  ballast 
valve  E  by  cords  C  and  F  respectively,  and  in  this 
manner  to  maintain  automatically  the  desired  altitude. 


24  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

A  spring  S  is  interposed  in  order  to  preserve  the  tension 
of  the  cord  c,  and  so  to  prevent  the  valve  A  from  being 
operated  until  the  shortening  of  the  aerostat  V  exceeds 
a  certain  amount,  which  can  be  regulated  by  adjusting 
the  length  of  C.  The  discharge  of  the  explosive  body 
or  other  freight  K  is  effected  by  the  release,  by  a  time 
fuse  I,  of  the  latch  z,  thus  allowing  the  rods  II,  li'  to 


hinge  upwards  about  v,  v  and  the  suspending  rings  to 
slide  off.  Successive  discharges  may  be  effected  by 
fuses  of  different  lengths,  or  a  number  of  cases  may  be 
arranged  to  be  dispersed  by  the  explosion  of  a  small 
initial  charge  by  the  fuse. 

The  Bate  aerostat  is  simply  the  adaptation  of  an 
aerostat  to  relieve  the  load  carried  by  an  endless  rope 


AEROSTATS.  25 

or  chain  transport  way,  and  is  shown  by  Fig.  9.  The 
aerostat  A  supports  a  car  B  which  is  provided  with 
grips  for  gripping  the  moving  rope  or  chain  c,  and  may 
cause  the  car  B  to  move  horizontally,  and  be  stopped  or 

A 


Fig.10. 

started  by  operating  the  grips.  The  function  of  the 
aerostat  in  this  case  is  to  relieve  the  rope  C  of  the  dead 
weight  of  the  load. 

The   Dale  aerostat   is  capable  of  conversion  into  a 
parachute,   and    is    shown    by   the    elevation,    Fig.    10. 


26 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


The  aerostat  is  fitted  with  an  upper  valve  A  and  a  lower 
valve  B,  the  valve  A  being  covered  on  the  inner  side  by 
wire  netting,  over  which  is  stretched  a  strip  of  oiled  silk 
or  any  other  impermeable  material.  When  it  is  desired 
to  convert  the  aerostat  into  a  parachute,  the  strip  is 


withdrawn  by  pulling  a  cord  C  ;  the  gas  then  escapes, 
and  as  the  aerostat  descends  the  lower  half  is  forced 
into  the  upper  half,  B  being  guided  by  rollers  at  D,  D' 
along  vertical  guides  F,  F'.  The  lower  valve  B  may  be 
opened  or  closed  to  regulate  the  rapidity  of  the  descent, 


AEROSTATS.  27 

since  the  upper  valve  A  is  permanently  open  when  the 
covering  strip  is  withdrawn. 

Sir  W.  A.  Fryers  has  constructed  an  annular  aerostat, 
shown  by  the  elevation,  Fig.  1 1,  and  the  part  plan,  Fig.  12. 
The  aerostat  A  is  made  in  the  form  of  an  annulus,  so  that 
in  the  case  of  descending  into  the  sea,  the  car  C  may 


float  inside  the  annulus,  which  forms  a  protection  against 
the  sea.  It  is  preferably  divided  by  partitions  a  into 
cells  or  compartments  a,  so  that  if  one  compartment  is 
injured  by  shot  in  cases  where  the  apparatus  is  used  for 
military  purposes,  or  similar  accidents,  the  uninjured 
compartments  may  sustain  the  car.  Each  compartment 


28 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


a  is  provided  with  a  branch  pipe  and  valve  m  terminating 
in  a  common  pipe  b.  The  car  c  is  suspended  from  an 
insulating  ring  c,  which  is  in  turn  supported  by  the 
netting  covering  the  annular  aerostat  A.  A  piece  of 
waterproof  fabric  E  is  stretched  across  the  top  to  act  as 
a  parachute  when  descending.  For  reconnoitring  in  war- 
time a  car  is  suspended  from  c  by  a  long  cable,  so  that 
the  aerostat  may  float  at  a  safe  height. 


In  Glendinning's  aerostat,  Fig.  13,  the  aerostat  B  is 
enclosed  by  a  bag  II,  into  which  air  is  compressed,  and 
supplied  from  a  reservoir  R  in  the  car  C  through  pipes  a,  a. 
The  pressure  is  maintained  by  a  pump  P.  Part  of  the 
reservoir  R  is  divided  so  that  the  gas  from  the  aerostat  B 
may  be  stored,  a  safety  valve  d  regulating  the  compression 
in  order  to  protect  the  envelope,  the  neck  b  being  closed ; 


AEROSTATS. 


29 


a  valve  v  at  the  top  of  the  bag  H  enabling  the  air  pressure 
to  be  regulated.  The  object  of  the  device  is  broadly  to 
effect  regulation  of  the  altitude  by  increasing  or  diminish- 
ing the  surface  pressure  upon  the  outside  of  the  envelope 


Fuf.15. 


of  the  aerostat  B.     The  inversion  of  the  bag  H  may  be 
utilised  as  a  parachute  in  descending. 

Tapscott's  combined  aerostat  and  parachute,  shown 
by  Fig.  14,  is  devised  to  support  life-saving  appliances 


30  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

clear  of  the  waves  when  rescuing  shipwrecked  persons 
by  means  of  a  cable  and  cradle  or  saddle.  A  parachute 
A  is  attached  to  the  top  of  an  aerostat  B,  and  an  insulating 
ring  c  is  suspended  from  the  outer  circumference  of  A. 
The  ring  C  carries  the  cable  H,  and  a  double  sheave  block 
D  over  which  the  life  lines  /  and  /'  are  rove. 

Scott's  aerostat  (Fig.  15)  is  exactly  the  reverse  of 
Glendinning's,  before  described,  since  air  pressure  is 
applied  internally  instead  of  externally.  The  outer 
envelope  of  the  aerostat  A  is  made  of  unusual  strength, 
and  an  air  bag  B  is  fitted  within  it,  which  may  be  dilated 
or  contracted  by  the  manipulation  of  the  pump  P  in  the 
car  c,  and  a  suitable  releasing  valve,  thus  varying  the 
buoyancy  of  the  aerostat. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

AEROD  YNAMICS. 

Air  as  a  Medium. — Water  is  as  a  medium  heavy 
and  inelastic,  and  air  is  light  and  elastic.  In  propul- 
sion water  presents  the  maximum  of  recoil  with  the 
minimum  of  displacement,  whilst  in  the  case  of  air  the 
conditions  are  exactly  opposite.  Therefore  in  construct- 
ing an  aeromotor  capable  of  practical  work,  the  peculiar 
nature  of  the  medium  in  which  the  apparatus  has  to  float 
and  to  move  by  mechanical  reaction  calls  for  a  structural 
form  and  adaption  of  motive  power  entirely  different 
from  that  required  upon  sea  or  land.  In  marine  propul- 
sion, a  part  only  of  the  ship  is  immersed  in  the  water, 
and  being  lighter  than  the  medium  in  which  it  floats,  is 
enabled  to  use  this  denser  element  as  a  fulcrum  from 
which  by  oars,  paddle  wheels,  screws,  or  jets,  to  obtain 
the  reaction  necessary  to  move  it  against  the  resistance 
of  the  water  beneath  and  the  air  above  the  water  line. 
A  submarine  vessel,  when  totally  submerged,  presents 
the  nearest  analogy  to  the  aeromotor  in  practice. 

The  absolutely  perfect  aeromotor,  the  air-ship  of  the 
future,  must  necessarily  be  heavier  than  the  surrounding 
air.  We  have  noted  in  dealing  in  a  preliminary  manner 
with  flight  in  nature,  that  the  organism  of  such  birds, 
animals,  and  insects  are  comparatively  light  in  structure 
relatively  to  their  bulk,  not  as  regards  the  wing  area  or 
surface  opposed  to  the  air  resistance  in  sustaining  the 
body  at  a  certain  altitude  or  propelling  it  at  a  certain 


32  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

velocity.  We  can  construct  a  framework  of  metal,  and 
provide  a  prime  motor,  but  within  our  closest  limits  we 
could  not,  weight  for  weight,  and  space  for  space,  make 
an  aeromotor  upon  the  scale  of  the  stag  beetle  (Lucanus 
cervus)  with  the  same  conservation  of.  energy  and 
mechanical  action. 

But  it  is  essential  that  an  aeromotor  should  have  the 
weight  much  in  excess  of  the  air  displaced  by  it  when 
at  rest.  The  inertia  of  the  mass  is  indispensable  to  the 
control  and  regulation  of  such  an  apparatus,  so  that  it 
may  be  steered  and  propelled  in  exactly  the  same 
manner  and  with  the  same  facility  as  a  floating  ship  in 
the  sea. 

Weight. — A  simple  aerostat  cannot  be  rendered 
dirigible  by  rudders  or  sails,  since  it  is  entirely  sur- 
rounded by  the  medium  it  floats  in,  and  is  subjected  to 
every  air  current  in  such  a  manner  as  to  drift  with  it. 
Therefore,  as  may  be  seen  by  a  weight-area  table 
appended,  the  true  air-ship  should  be  of  considerable 
weight,  should  start  from  a  position  of  rest  upon  the 
earth  by  means  of  its  self-contained  motive  power,  and 
this  force  should  propel  it  in  any  direction  independently 
of  any  air  currents  ;  and  at  the  same  time  the  structure 
must  be  of  sufficient  strength  to  withstand  the  onslaught 
of  a  possible  hurricane.  All  this  is  within  the  range  of 
modern  mechanical  genius  and  engineering  enterprise, 
but  the  one  fatal  objection  stands  in  the  way,  and 
subverts  the  true  lines  of  construction.  This  is  not  a 
scientific  obstacle,  but  it  may  rather  be  termed  a  pru- 
dential one,  and  may  be  summed  up  by  the  consideration 
of  the  fallibility  of  all  machinery,  and  the  absolute 
dependence  upon  continuous  action  to  prevent  a  terrible 
catastrophe  in  case  of  failure.  Therefore,  so  far  as  one 
can  foresee,  the  aerostat  will  always  be  an  accessory  to 
the  air-ship,  unnecessary  in  the  propulsion,  and  a  decided 


AERODYNAMICS. 


33 


disadvantage  in  steering,  but  certainly  a  safeguard  to 
some  extent  against  the  worst  form  of  accidents.  It  is 
only  requisite  to  allow  the  buoyancy  of  the  aerostat  to 
balance  the  weight  of  the  apparatus,  the  ascension  and 
propulsion  depending  upon  the  motive  power. 

Flight  may  be  attained  by  heavy  powerful  animals 
with  a  comparatively  small  wing  area,  there  being  no 
established  ratio  between  wing  area  and  weight,  but  an 
unvarying  relation  between  the  weight  and  velocity  of 
motion.  The  following  table  shows  the  approximate 
area  in  square  feet  per  pound  avoirdupois  for  different 
types  of  birds  and  insects  : — 


Name. 
Gnat       - 
Bee 

Stag  Beetle 
Swallow 
Condor  - 
Albatross 


Wing  Area, 
Square  Feet  per  Ib. 

40.8 

5-5 

5.0 
5.48 

1.3 

1.28 


Fig.  16. 


The  little  experiment  illus- 
trated by  Fig.  1 6  shows  the  value 
of  weight  as  a  factor  in  pro- 
pulsion. A  cork  A,  pointed  at 
the  lower  end,  and  having  two 
feathers  ay  a'  obliquely  fixed  in 
the  flattened  top,  is  let  fall  from 

a  point  b,  and  directly  by  the  force  of  gravity  should 
descend  in  the  direction  /;,  c.  But  the  falling  weight 
causes  the  oblique  planes  <?,  a  to  displace  the  air,  and  by 
rotating  against  the  resistance  compels  A  to  describe  the 
trajectory  b,  e,  d. 

Thus  the  problem  resolves  into  the  relative  values  of 
weight,  power,  velocity,  and  small  surface  area  versus 
buoyancy,  small  power,  slow  speed,  and  extensive  sur- 

c 


34  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

face  area.  No  rule  can  be  laid  down  for  establishing  a 
basis  for  construction.  Each  form  or  type  must  be  cal- 
culated according  to  the  various  conditions  that  are  to 
be  fulfilled. 

Wing  Movements. — Professor  J.  Bell  Pettigrew,  in 
his  records  of  experimental  research,  gives  a  theory  of 
wing  motion  which  is  borne  out  by  practical  experiments 
in  producing  artificial  wing  flight  in  exactly  the  same 
manner  in  which  it  is  performed  by  nature ;  and  Pro- 
fessor E.  J.  Marey  has  also  by  means  of  the  sphygmo- 
graph  produced  graphic  records  of  the  actual  natural 
movement.  Professor  Pettigrew  does  not  agree  with  the 


i/ftr  '•••"ji 


theories  adduced  to  prove  the  dilation  and  contraction 
of  the  spiral  nervures,  but  holds  that  the  radius  and 
brachial  nervures  are  operated  from  the  thoracic  articu- 
lation as  ball  and  socket,  or  universal  joints  having  such 
a  combined  movement  as  to  cause  the  margin  and  tip  of 
the  wing  to  describe  a  figure  of  8.  Thus  the  wings 
obtain  leverage  by  presenting  an  oblique  surface  to  the 
air,  the  obliquity  increasing  behind  forward  and  back- 
ward during  extension,  when  a  sudden  effective  stroke 
is  given,  and  decreasing  oppositely  during  flexion  or 
slow  return  stroke.  Fig.  17  shows  the  figure  of  8  de- 
scribed by  the  tip  and  margin  of  a  wing  in  the  motion 


AERODYNAMICS. 


35 


of  flight  The  continuous  line  shows  the  extension,  and 
the  dotted  line  the  flexion.  A  second  line  midway 
between  the  extension  full  and 
flexion  dotted  line  would  indi- 
cate the  movements  of  the  tip, 
but  it  is  not  shown  for  purposes 
of  clearness.  In  Fig.  18  we  see 
this  movement  carried  out  in  a 
wave-like  direction  as  in  hori- 
zontal flight.  Here  a,  b  repre- 
sent the  wave  crests,  and  c>  d, 
e  up-strokes,  and  f  is  a  point 
corresponding  to  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  wing  (radius), 
forming  the  centre  of  the  semi- 
rotary  down-stroke  a,  g,  and  g 
is  a  point  corresponding  to  the 
posterior  margin  (brachials\  form- 
ing the  centre  for  the  semi-rotary 
up-stroke  d,  f.  In  Fig.  19  the 
diagram  shows  the  mechanical 
action  of  the  muscles,  in  order 
to  spread  the  wing  in  extension 
and  close  it  in  flexion,  the  arrows 
showing  the  direction. 

The  fact  that  the  wing  is 
both  elastic  and  flexible  is  a 
necessary  factor  in  considering 
its  efficiency  as  a  means  for 
converting  energy  into  useful 
work.  The  compound  semi-  o 

rotary   motion,    aided    by    elas- 
ticity and  flexibility,  enables  the  wing  in  performing  its 
functions  to  twist  and  untwist  by  partly  vital  and  partly 
mechanical   means,  that  is  to  say,  partly  by  muscular 


36  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

action  and  partly  by  the  air  resistance,  the  wing  meets 
its  own  reverse  current  upon  the  return  stroke  which 
materially  aids  in  the  progressive  flight. 

If  the  wings  were  not  disposed  in  such  a  manner  as 


ELBOW 


WRIST 


Extension? 


Fig.19. 

to  have  a  semi-rotary  movement  on  two  axes  (radius  and 
brachial)  with  an  eccentric  stroke,  the  structure  would 
be  so  cumbrous  as  to  be  controlled  by  the  air  instead  of 
controlling  it. 

When  the  wing  descends  the  body  is  slightly  elevated, 


vv 


that  is,  the  wing  comparatively  is  active  and  the  body 
passive.  The  descending  body  causes  the  wings  to  ele- 
vate, the  body  being  active  and  the  wing  passive.  The 
muscular  force  of  depression  upon  the  reaction  of  the 


AERODYNAMICS. 


37 


compressed  air  reverses  the  order.  Four  wings  are  most 
suitable  for  artificial  wing  flight,  two  on  each  side  of  the 
apparatus,  the  driving  mechanism  causing  two  to  be 
elevated  whilst  two  are  depressed. 

Fig.  20  illustrates  the  action  of  the  wing  upon  the 
air,/,/'  being  the  movable  fulcra,  or  air  resistance,/,/'' 
power  applied  to  the  wing  surface,  B  the  body,  and  x  a 
universal  joint,  w,  w'  being  weights  upon  extensions  of 
pjp'.  When  the  wing  ascends  at/  the  resistance/ re- 
tards it,  and  forces  B  or  w  down  slightly.  The  opposite 
resistance/',  when/'  is  on  the  downward  stroke,  similarly 
raises  B  or  w '. 


We  come  now  to  the  production  of  winged  flight  by 
mechanism,  to  imitate  nature  as  far  as  possible,  and  for 
purposes  of  illustration  have  chosen  experimental  sub- 
jects, some  of  which  are  capable  of  development  for 
practical  purposes,  although  hitherto  made  upon  a  small 
scale  for  laboratory  experiments.  Pettigrew's  piston 
wing  (Fig.  21)  is  an  example  worthy  of  notice,  although 
its  motion  is  confined  to  a  single  axis. 

A  curved  wing  c,  b  is  supported  by  the  radius  a  in  a 
universal  joint,  and  connected  by  chains  £,/to  the  upper 
and  lower  crossheads  of  a  piston  rod  r,  r  attached  to  a 
piston  s  within  a  cylinder  o,  o,  two  elastic  bands  ;//,  n 


38  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

being  added,  and  placed  so  as  to  support  the  wing  in  its 
normal  horizontal  position  when  at  rest.  Air  or  gas 
under  pressure  is  admitted  by  suitable  valves  alternately 
to  the  top  and  bottom  sides  of  the  piston  s,  and  the 
reciprocatory  movement  thereof  causes  the  wing  to  be 
correspondingly  raised  and  depressed.  The  wing  sur- 
face is  strengthened  by  transverse  bars  g,  //,  /,  d  between 
the  radius  and  the  posterior  horizontal  member.  Another 
movement  adapted  to  the  use  of  four  wings  is  that  em- 
ployed by  Walker  in  his  experiments.  The  wings  are 
operated  from  universal  or  ball  and  socket  joints  w,  w', 


shown  by  Fig.  22,  these  joints  having  their  centres  in 
one  plane  f,g,  and  a  cranked  extension  a,  a  upon  the 
rolling  part  of  the  joint.  Each  crank  a,  a'  is  oppositely 
situated  relatively  to  the  other.  Two  pinions  c,  c'  are 
driven  by  a  central  spur  wheel  d>  the  axes  being  upon 
the  line  /*,  /.  Crank  pins  upon  the  pinions  c,  c  drive  the 
joints  w,  w  by  means  of  connecting  rods  b,  b '.  Thus, 
although  the  crank  pins  complete  a  whole  revolution,  the 
joints  wt  w  make  a  semi-rotation  only,  the  dip  being 
from  forwards  to  backwards.  This  is  effected  by  means 
of  short  links  on  the  line  f,g  jointed  to  the  crank  pins 
a,  a'  at  one  end  and  to  the  framework  at  the  other.  Thus 


AERODYNAMICS.  39 

the  displacement  of  air  and  consequent  reaction  tends  to 
give  a  forward  and  upward  movement  to  the  apparatus, 
and  the  posterior  pair  of  wings,  by  reason  of  the  opposite 
movement  imparted  to  them,  continue  the  action  of  the 
first  pair.  A  modification*  of  this  arrangement  provides 
for  a  rapid  down  and  back  stroke,  and  slow  upward  and 
forward  strokes.  The  spur  wheel  d  is  made  with  two 
diameters,  and  each  of  the  pinions  c,  c  similarly  shaped. 
The  larger  diameter  of  d  engages  with  the  smaller 
diameter  of  c  when  that  wheel  is  effecting  the  quick 
down-stroke,  and  the  smaller  diameter  of  d  is  simul- 
taneously driving  the  larger  diameter  of  c  whilst  it  is 
performing  the  slow  up-stroke  of  the  posterior  wing. 
The  arrangement  is  analogous  to  the  quick  return 
motion  of  an  ordinary  shaping  machine. 

In  Smythie's  system  he  employs  a  carriage  mounted 
upon  wheels,  the  wings  being  flapped  by  a  steam  or  any 
reciprocating  motor.  The  resistance  of  the  air  to  the 
up-stroke  is  reduced  by  making  the  wings  of  several 
overlapping  parts,  and  giving  the  shafts  liberty  to  turn 
in  their  sockets  through  an  angle  of  about  35°.  Each 
wing  may  be  made  of  a  silken  or  linen  web  stretched 
between  the  tapering  steel  shaft  corresponding  to  the 
radius,  and  a  cord  attached  to  a  point  just  below  the 
pin  a.  Fig.  23,  the  shaft  being  held  by  a  pin  in  a  tubular 
socket  E.  The  cranked  double  lever  D  has  within  it  a 
circular  eccentric  sheave  with  an  eccentric  strap  carrying 
the  end  of  the  link  F,  and  centred  at  d.  The  ascent  of  the 
piston  rod  B  pulls  up  the  lower  end  of  D  by  the  links  /,  / 


*  The  last  described  differential  gearing  was  used  by  me  to 
operate  valvular  flapping  planes  of  large  area.  The  automatic 
valvular  surface  was  found  to  be  a  failure,  even  at  low  velocities,  the 
undulation  of  the  displaced  volume  of  air  in  no  way  conforming  to 
the  disposition  and  arrangement  of  the  valves. 


40  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

jointed  to  the  crosshead  c,  the  link  F  pulling  down  the 
tube  E  with  a  very  oblique  action.  The  shaft  of  the 
wing  thus  turns  through  an  angle  of  35°  by  the  action 
of  the  air.  During  the  descent  of  the  piston  in  the 
cylinder  C  the  pin  a  presses  the  tube  E  and  link  F  up- 
wards. A  flat  sail  is  used  as  a  steering  tail. 

The  apparatus  made  by  Cornelius  (Fig.  24)  is  designed 
to  embody  the  mechanical  principles  brought  into  exercise 
in  the  flight  of  a  bird,  and  consists  in  the  combination  of 


a  body  capable  of  supporting  the  aeronaut  with  wings 
and  tail  of  special  construction.  It  is  intended  to  utilise 
the  atmospheric  pressure  by  "  giving  to  the  machine  a 
larger  underneath  or  supporting  surface  than  the  upper 
surface,  and  the  reacting  motion  of  the  atmosphere 
against  the  action  of  the  wings  ;  the  principal  feature 
in  realising  the  latter  effect  being  that  such  reaction 
shall  take  the  same  direction  as  that  in  which  the  flying 
body  is  to  move."  In  flying,  the  wings  and  tail  present 
concave  surfaces  backwards  and  downwards.  The  body  / 


AERODYNAMICS.  41 

is  strapped  to  the  aeronaut's  back,  and  may  be  provided 
with  a  saddle  a.  The  wings  r,  r,  having  ball  and  socket 
joints  e,  e,  and  handles//,  are  worked  by  the  arms,  and 
the  part  q  of  the  tail  q  is  spring-jointed  at  g,  and  con- 
trolled by  a  cord  and  lever  worked  by  the  feet.  Cords  t,  t' 
from  a  flat  spring  h  bent  overhead  assist  the  forward 
strokes  of  the  wings  r,  r,  and  the  elastic  cords  or  springs  s 
impart  a  kind  of  feathering  motion.  A  similar  apparatus 


may  be  provided  with  a  motor,  and  attached  to  a  car 
and  aerostat. 

It  is  not  a  practical  idea  to  construct  a  machine  to 
carry  a  man,  and  to  depend  upon  his  unaided  efforts  to 
produce  the  required  velocity  of  motion  and  power ; 
apart  from  the  fact  that  continuous  exertion  is  impossible 
owing  to  the  muscular  structure  not  being  adapted  to 
the  requirements  of  sustained  flight,  we  must  consider 
the  actual  work  done.  Let  a  man  weigh  say  150  Ibs., 


42  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

and  a  specially  light  machine  10  Ibs.,  and  the  compara- 
tively low  rate  of  velocity  be  60  ft.  per  minute,  then 

150+10x60  =  9,600  foot  pounds 
and  the  average  work  of  a  man  is 

— g — =4,125  foot  pounds, 

which  is  less  than  half  that  which  is  needed.  In  this 
instance  the  value  of  the  wings  as  aeroplanes  must  be 
depreciated,  since  the  sensitive  anticipatory  function 
incidental  to  equipoise,  such  as  obtains  with  birds  and 
other  flying  animals,  is  non-existent  in  man.  For 
instance,  if  a  perfect  mechanical  model  of  a  man  was 
made  in  perfect  proportion,  and  the  walking  movement 
exactly  imitated,  the  body  could  not  for  a  moment  be 
supported  upon  the  area  of  the  soles  of  the  feet.  Yet  in 
nature  a  man  may  immediately  stand  upon  one  leg,  and 
cannot  lucidly  define  the  alteration  of  the  equipoise  nor 
the  stages  of  its  progress.  That  is  because  it  is  antici- 
patory, and  man  has  it  in  walking  perfectly,  and  a  bird 
in  flying,  but  the  same  sense  is  imperfect  in  the  bird 
when  walking,  as  in  the  man  when  attempting  to  fly. 
Therefore  the  basis  of  the  apparatus  for  artificial  flight 
is  not  to  render  a  man  capable  of  flying,  but  to  construct 
a  machine  that  will  fly  and  carry  a  man  who  may  control 
it  without  the  necessity  for  an  anticipatory  or  ultra- 
sensitive function  of  equilibrium.  We  do  not  for  this 
reason  enlarge  upon  this  type  of  machine,  although 
many  have  been  invented  and  tried  experimentally  with 
indifferent  success,  some  being  adapted  to  cycles  and 
wheeled  frames. 

In  Quartermain's  apparatus  the  wings  are  actuated 
by  an  ordinary  steam  engine  in  which  the  steam  is  mixed 
with  the  products  of  combustion.  These  wings  are 


AERODYNAMICS. 


43 


balanced  by  springs  and  arranged  to  flap  together,  and 
are  mounted  on  rocking  shafts  which  are  on  a  swivel 
piece,  and  swivel  joints  are  introduced  in  the  connections 
to  the  cranks,  so  that  the  plane  of  flapping  can  be  altered, 
a  special  arrangement  being  provided  for  altering  the 
front  pair  independently  of  the  others  for  steering  pur- 
poses. The  wings  are  curved  transversely,  and  a  flexible 
blade  runs  along  the  posterior  margin  of  each.  They 


Fig. 25 

are  arranged  to  swivel  through  a  regulated  distance 
about  a  longitudinal  axis,  which  is  nearer  the  anterior 
than  the  posterior  margin,  by  which  arrangement  useful 
effect  may  be  derived  from  both  up  and  down  strokes. 

Capone's  machine  is  shown  in  plan  by  the  diagram, 
Fig.  25,  in  which  the  wings  />,  p  are  actuated  by  crank 
arms  b,  b'  working  in  a  frame  #,  and  connected  by  rods  c,  d. 
They  are  freely  suspended  from  the  arms  £,  b  by  means 


44  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

of  rings  f,  but  arc  independent  of  the  arms  b\  which 
serve  merely  to  regulate  their  inclination.  The  rear  part 
of  each  wing  is  preferably  hinged  to  the  main  part,  and 
works  against  stops,  so  that  at  the  commencement  of  the 
upward  movement  it  has  a  greater  inclination  to  the 
horizon  than  the  wing  itself.  The  frame  a  is  provided 
with  a  steering  tail  q,  and  the  mechanism  is  driven  from 
any  suitable  light  motor  by  the  wheels  r,  t. 

Upon  reference  to  Chapter  I.,  dealing  with  the  mem- 
branous wings  of  insects,  we  have  noted  that  the  longi- 
tudinal nervures  each  contain  an  inner  spiral  trachea, 
and  that  a  theory  of  vibratory  flight  due  to  the  dilation 
and  contraction  of  these  trachea  has  been  propounded. 


JFig.ZG. 


M.  Victor  Galliene  has  experimented  in  this  direction, 
as  shown  by  the  sectional  view,  Fig.  26,  in  which  a  is  a 
spiral  elastic  tube  representing  a  trachea,  and  terminating 
in  an  elastic  ball  or  air  reservoir  e.  This  is  rapidly 
expanded  and  contracted  by  the  vibration  of  a  piston  d 
within  a  cylinder  c.  Two  elastic  membranes  $,  b'  are 
stitched  or  sewn  together  in  seams,  so  as  to  enclose  the 
several  trachea  extending  radially  from  the  root  of  the 
wing,  and  operated  alternately  in  pairs.  Finely  tempered 
steel  wires  of  tapering  form  are  used  to  impart  the 
necessary  rigidity  to  the  structure.  In  the  experiment 
there  were  eight  cylinders,  each  operating  the  corre- 
sponding artificial  nervure  on  opposite  wings,  four 
nervures  to  the  anterior  wings  and  four  to  the  posterior. 


AERODYNAMICS.  45 

The  weight  of  the  model  was  9.42  oz.,  and  an  inflated 
aerostat  attached  to  the  frame  had  a  buoyancy  equal 
to  8  oz.,  leaving  1.42  oz.  to  be  raised  by  the  wings;  a 
small  electro-motor  with  a  rocking  shaft  or  beam  operat- 
ing the  pistons  with  the  requisite  progressive  alternations. 
The  power  was  derived  from  eight  accumulator  cells,  not 
carried,  but  connected  by  flexible  wires.  The  entire 
wing  surface  was  1.94  sq.  ft,  and  the  piston  strokes  480 
per  minute.  The  result  was  to  raise  the  machine  18  in. 


from  the  bench,  where  it  floated  indefinitely  with  no 
progressive  motion  due  to  the  mechanical  effect,  but 
very  sensitive  to  air  currents.  When  screened  so  as  to 
be  free  from  the  effect  of  these  currents,  the  movement 
was  gyratory  around  an  eccentric  axis,  which  was  pro- 
bably due  to  unequal  balancing.  The  addition  of  two 
more  accumulator  cells  in  series  had  no  further  effect 
than  to  increase  the  velocity  of  gyration.  Without 
condemning  the  theory  as  absolutely  untenable  upon 


46 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


the  result  of  this  experiment,  it  does  not  appear  feasible 
that  the  trachea  are  intended  to  produce  the  movement 
necessary  for  flight,  but  rather  that  they  stiffen  the  wing 
at  certain  periods  during  its  stroke  in  order  to  utilise  the 
reaction  of  the  air  displaced. 

Middleton's  wing  motion  is  shown  by  Fig.  27,  in 
which  an  oscillating  cylinder  c  is  mounted  upon  trunnions 
at  /,  the  piston  rod  carrying  a  crosshead  a  within  guides 
g.  A  connecting  rod  r  couples  the  crosshead  a  with  a 


crank  pin  n  upon  a  universal  joint  carrying  the  wing  w^ 
this  joint  being  attached  by  its  bearings  to  the  trunnion 
/,  so  that  it  may  oscillate  with  the  cylinder  c.  A  second 
connecting  rod  r  operates  a  crank  shaft  o  at  the  base  of 
the  frame,  upon  which  is  fitted  a  flywheel  m  to  secure 
uniformity  of  motion,  and  also  to  maintain  the  oscillation 
of  c,  which,  in  addition  to  the  flapping  movement  due  to 
the  rod  r  and  pin  ny  is  necessary  to  produce  the  angular 
progressive  action. 

In    Marshall's   apparatus  (Fig.  28)  a   cylinder   c  is 


AERODYNAMICS. 


47 


mounted  upon  a  car  C  by  a  hollow  rigid  mast  m  and 
stays  s,  s.  The  wings  w,  iv  are  jointed  to  the  mast  at  b, 
and  connected  at  a,  a  to  two  piston  rods  r,  r\  which  are 


p  J 


Fig.  29. 


both  attached  to  the  same  piston  head.      Upper  and 
lower  wings  may  be  used,  in   which  case  the  mast  is 


Fig.  30. 

carried  beyond  the  cylinder,  and  two  pistons   are  em- 
ployed.    Steering  is  effected  by  a  pivoted  vertical  plane. 
In  many  cases  valves  or  louvres  are  employed   to 
lessen  the  resistance  during  the  upward  stroke,  and  an 


48  AERIAL    NAVIGATION. 

example  of  this  arrangement  is  shown  by  Fig.  29,  in 
which  the  wing  w  is  mounted  upon  a  ball  joint  j  with  a 
crank  pin  /,  and  the  surface  is  pierced  for  valves  v 
hinged  or  freely  suspended  on  the  under  surface  so  as 
to  be  closed  by  the  air  pressure  on  the  down-stroke,  as 
shown  by  the  section.  In  actual  practice  these  valves 
are  useless. 

A  wing  motion  is  shown  by  Fig.  30,  in  which  a  crank 
disc  a  is  rotated  by  a  suitable  motor,  and  connected  by 
a  connecting  rod  to  the  crank  pins  /,  /,  the  pin  t  operating 
the  ball  joint  u  carried  by  the  frame  A,  and  forming  the 
root  of  the  wing  w.  The  first  movement  of  u  is  rotary 
until  the  pin  p  is  stopped  by  the  stop  on  A,  when  the 
continuation  of  the  motion  is  downward,  as  shown  byj?> 
in  the  diagram  B,  the  first  movement  being  according  to 
x,  and  the  result  of  the  whole  as  z.  A  spiral  spring  s 
attached  to  a  prolongation  r  upon  u  reverses  this  motion 
on  the  return  or  upward  stroke. 

So  far  we  have  dealt  with  artificial  wing  propulsion 
briefly  as  according  to  known  experiments,  but  in  treat- 
ing of  aeromotors  or  air-ships  these  and  other  motions 
will  be  detailed,  since  the  aerostat,  aeroplane,  wing  and 
screw  propeller  are  frequently  employed  one  with  the 
other,  or  all  in  combination. 


CHAPTER  V. 

SCREW  PROPULSION,    PADDLES,    AND 
AEROPLANES. 

IN  dealing  with  the  problem  of  the  best  mode  of  apply- 
ing motive  power  to  overcome  air  resistance,  we  have  to 
consider  that  the  displacement  and  reaction  of  a  volume 
of  air  at  a  given  velocity  is  essential  in  the  first  instance, 
and  secondly  the  added  resistance  of  the  wind  when  it  is 
opposite  to  the  plane  of  motion,  or  as  an  aid  to  such 
motion  when  it  has  the  same  direction. 

Air  Resistance. — In  calculating  the  resistance  of  the 
air  as  a  pressure  against  a  plane  surface  moved  through 
it  at  a  given  velocity,  we  may  deduce  from  experiment 
that  the  air  resistance  varies  as  the  square  of  the  velocity 
nearly,  and  to  an  inclined  surface  as  the  1.84  power  of  the 
sine  x  cosine.  The  conformation  of  a  plane  surface  makes 
no  appreciable  difference  in  the  resistance,  but  the  convex 
surface  of  a  hemisphere  with  a  surface  area  double  that 
of  the  base  has  only  half  the  resistance,  hence  the  ap- 
proximation of  the  true  shape  of  the  ends  of  elongated 
aerostats,  or,  what  is  still  better,  the  employment  of 
prolate  spheroids.* 

*  The  resistance  tables  are  based  upon  Smeaton's  definition  of 
Rouse's  experiments,  viz.,  an  air  current  with  a  velocity  of  88  ft.  per 
minute  exerts  a  pressure  of  .005  Ibs.  per  square  foot  on  a  flat  sur- 
face. Dr  Hutton  shows  that  the  resistance  of  a  sphere  is  — ,  that 

2.4' 

of  a  disc  having  the  same  diameter.  Sir  George  Cayley  found  the 
resistance  to  a  prolate  spheroid,  whose  major  axis  was  three  times 

the  length  of  the  minor  axis,  to  be  -\  that  of  a  circular  plate,  the 

4.5 
diameter  of  which  is  equal  to  the  minor  axis. 

D 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


Let  P  =  pressure  against  plane  a  area  in  square  feet, 

and  v  velocity  in  feet  per  second. 

Then  p  =  . 002288  av^  =  pounds  per  square  foot 
Power. — Having  determined  this  factor,  the  following 

table  will  give  the  relative  velocities  and  power : — 


VELOCITY. 

POWER. 

Miles 
per  Hour. 

Feet 
per  Minute. 

Horse  Power 
per  Square  Foot. 

10 

880 

O.OI3 

15 

1,320 

0.044 

2O 

I,760 

0.105 

25 

2,200 

O.2O5 

30 

2,640 

0-345 

50 

4,400 

1.64 

75 

6,600 

5-54 

IOO 

8,800 

I3-I3 

150 

13,200 

44.29 

200 

17,600 

105.00 

Calculated  from  HP  =  .00000000001926  av2,  varying 
nearly  as  the  square. 

Wind  Resistance. — When  air  passes  as  a  wind 
current  into  air  of  less  density,  the  velocity  of  its  passage 
is  measured  by  the  difference  of  the  densities  of  the  air 
in  both  cases. 

Let  D  =  the  maximum  density,  and  d  the  minimum 
density  in  inches  of  mercury ;  and  t  the  temperature  in 
degrees  Fahrenheit  at  the  time  of  passage,  and  V  the 
velocity  in  feet  per  second. 


Then  V  =  1  347.4 


(  I  +  0.002088  /). 


SCREW   PROPULSION. 


And  to  calculate  I  =  direct  impulse    in    pounds   per 

square  foot. 

I  =  v2  x  .006667  where  V  is  knots  per  hour. 
i  =  v2x.oo5Oi6  where  V  is  statute  miles  per  hour. 


TABLE  OF  VALUES  OF  I. 


V. 

Miles 
per 
Hour. 

I. 

V. 

Knots 
per 
Hour. 

I. 

V. 

Miles 
per 
Hour. 

I. 

V. 

Knots 
per 
Hour. 

I. 

, 

.OO5O 

I 

.0067 

24 

2.89 

24 

3-84 

2 

.O2O 

2 

.027 

26 

3-39 

26 

4-5i 

3 

•045 

3 

.060 

28 

3-93 

28 

5-23 

4 

.080             4 

.107 

30 

4-51 

30 

6.00 

5 

.125 

5 

.I67 

32 

5-H 

32 

6.83 

6 

.181 

6 

.240 

34 

5-80 

34 

7.71 

7 

.246 

7 

.327 

36 

6.50 

36 

8.64 

8 

.321 

8 

.427 

38 

7.24 

38 

9-63 

9 

.406 

9 

•540 

40 

8.02 

40 

10.7 

10 

.502 

10 

.667 

45  . 

10.2 

45 

13-5 

ii 

.607 

ii 

.807 

5o 

12.5 

5o 

16.7 

12 

.722 

12 

.960 

55 

15-9 

55 

20.2 

13 

.848 

13 

I-I3 

60 

18.1 

60 

24.0 

H 

.983 

H 

I-31 

65 

21.8 

65 

29-3 

15 

1-13 

15 

1.50 

70 

24.6 

70 

32.7 

16 

1.28 

16 

1.71 

75 

26.9 

75 

37-6 

17 

1-45 

17 

1-93 

80 

32.1 

80 

42.7 

18 

1.63 

18 

2.16 

85 

36.4 

85 

48.59 

19 

!.8l 

19 

2.41 

90 

40.6 

90 

54-0 

20 

2.00 

20 

2.67 

95 

44-9 

95 

58.78 

21 

2.21 

21 

2.88 

100 

50.2 

IOO 

66.7 

22 

2-43 

22 

3-23 

AERIAL    NAVIGATION. 


The    relative    kind    of  wind    accompanying    these 
velocities  and  pressures  : — 


Miles  per  Hour. 

Pounds  per  Foot. 

Hardly  perceptible  - 

From     i  to      2 

From    .005  to      .006 

Just  perceptible 

,,       2  to      3 

,,          .02     to        .04 

Light  wind 

„       4  to      5 

,,       .08    to      .125 

Light  breeze    - 

,,       6  to      7 

,,       .  181  to      .246 

Moderate  breeze 

»       8  to      9 

,,        .321  to      .406 

Fresh  breeze    - 

»       9  to    14 

,,       .406  to      .983 

Strong  breeze  - 

„     15  to    20 

,,      1.13    to    2.00 

Moderate  gale 

,,       22  tO      24 

„      2.43    to    2.89 

Fresh  gale 

,,     26  to    30 

,,      3.39    to    4.51 

Strong  gale 

,,     32  to    36 

,,      5.14    to    6.50 

Heavy  gale 

,,     38  to    40 

„     7-34    to    8.02 

Storm 

„     45  to    50 

,,     10.2        tO  12-5 

Great  storm     - 

,,     60  to    70 

,,    18.  i      1024.6 

Hurricane 

,,      80  to  TOO 

,,    32.1      to  50.2 

From  the  above  data  the  details  may  be  deduced 
by  calculation  respecting  the  area,  angles  or  pitch,  and 
velocity  of  screw  propellers,  paddles,  jets,  and  the  lifting 
power  of  aeroplanes  when  propelled  under  varying 
conditions  of  the  air  currents.  It  is  obvious  that  the 
structure  of  an  air-ship  or  aeromotor  must  be  of  sufficient 
strength  to  withstand  the  onslaught  of  a  storm,  which 
may  suddenly  arise  before  the  ordinary  precautions  can 
be  taken,  the  premonitory  signs  not  being  apparent  at 
considerable  altitudes  in  the  same  manner  that  obtains 
at  or  near  the  sea  level.  For  instance,  when  the  earth  is 
obscured  a  fall  in  the  barometer  may  mean  an  increased 
altitude,  since  under  these  conditions  the  rapid  changes 
of  the  instrument  render  it  comparatively  useless  as  a 
weather  guide. 


SCREW   PROPULSION.  53 

Screw  Propellers. — The  action  of  a  screw  propeller 
as  a  means  of  moving  a  body  through  air  is  analogous 
to  that  of  a  similar  propeller  totally  immersed  in  water, 
allowing  however  for  the  different  degrees  of  density 
between  the  two  media,  and  more  especially  that  air  is 
an  elastic  medium,  and  water  is  comparatively  non- 
elastic. 

The  work  done  in  propulsion  is  due  to  the  reaction 
of  a  volume  of  air  projected  backwards,  which  must  be 
equal  to  the  air  resistance  at  the  given  velocity  of  pro- 
pulsion. There  occurs  a  negative  quantity  termed  slip, 
which  is  approximately  S  =  P  —  d  where  P  =  length  of 
pitch,  and  d=  distance  advanced  in  one  revolution,  then 
S  =  slip  in  feet  or  other  terms  of  measurement  of  P  and  d. 

Unless  the  volume  of  air  displaced  be  of  infinite 
quantity,  the  slip  is  a  necessary  factor. 

In  calculating  the  proportions  of  a  screw  propeller, 
before  type  and  form  are  considered,  the  first  problem 
is :  What  is  the  best  proportion  between  these  and  the 
volume  of  air  displaced  ?  Or  in  other  words,  the  proper 
ratio  of  diameter  and  pitch,  with  a  constant  or  varying 
velocity.  It  may  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  weight  of 
a  prime  motor  generally  varies  inversely  as  the  speed 
in  revolutions  per  minute,  and  the  energy  of  reaction  of 
displaced  air  r  varies  as  rxv2.  Thus  the  propeller  area 
which  will  propel  an  air-ship  with  a  given  slip  ratio  is 
directly  as  the  air  resistance  and  inversely  as  the  square 
of  the  speed,  and  at  such  moderate  speeds  as  are  attain- 
able, the  same  propeller  area  will  overcome  a  given  air 
resistance  with  a  given  slip  ratio,  and  areas  varying 
directly  as  the  squares  of  the  resistances.  At  high 
velocities  the  slip  ratio  increases  with  the  given  pro- 
peller area. 

The  maximum  of  efficiency  is  not  obtained  by  ex- 
tending the  area  of  the  propelling  plane  to  minimise 


54  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

the  slip,  but  the  slip  angle  that  gives  the  maximum. 
The  value  of  0  (=  ^.00047)  which  gives  the  maximum 
efficiency  is  the  same  whatever  be  the  actual  pitch  angle. 
The  speed  rule  is  (exclusive  of  slip)— 

V  =  velocity  in  miles  per  hour. 

P  =  pitch  of  propeller  in  feet. 

R  =  revolutions  per  minute. 

88  V 


Then  R  = 


P  = 
V  = 


p 
88  v 


R 

PR 

88" 

The  pitch  of  screws  varies  as  the  ratio  of  the  area  of 
the  disc  or  circle  described  by  the  tips  to  the  area  of  the 
air-ship  affording  resistance  to  the  air  through  which  it 
passes,  i.e.,  the  maximum  sectional  area.* 

IN  THE  CASE  OF  Two  BLADES. 

Ratio  of  disc  to  section  is  I  to      -         -  6.0    5.0    4.5     4.0    3.5     3.0    2.5 
Ratio  of  pitch  to  diameter  of  disc  is  i  to  0.8    1.02  i.n  1.2    1.27  1.31   1.4 

AND  IF  FOUR  BLADES  ARE  USED. 
Ratio  of  pitch  to  diameter  of  disc  is  I  to  1.08  1.37  1.49  1.62  1.71  1.76  1.89 

The  area  depends  upon  (a)  the  shape  or  type  of  pro- 
peller ;  (b)  the  situation  of  it  in  the  air-ship  or  aeromotor  ; 


*  Haussmann  gives  as  the  best  proportions  for  air  screw  pro- 
pellers, the  angle  to  be  from  18°  to  23°  pitch  =  diameter  x  1.333,  the 
latter  being  for  three  blades,  which  he  considers  to  be  a  preferable 
arrangement  to  one  or  t\vo  blades  of  large  area,  or  four  blades  of 
less  area.  This  prevents  the  double  displacement  of  the  volume 
of  air,  and  the  consequent  loss  of  power  by  subjecting  the  surface 
area  to  air  in  which  the  density  is  increased  by  displacement,  and 
to  which  the  maximum  velocity  is  already  imparted. 


SCREW   PROPULSION. 


55 


(V)  whether  it  is  shrouded  or  not ;   and  ((f)  how  many 
propellers  are  used. 

Fig.  3 1  shows  in  the  side  elevation  A  and  end  elevation 


Fy.31. 


B  the  evolution  of  Rennic's  screw  propeller  from  Erichsen's. 
original  adaptation  of  a  double  helix  (Fig.  32).     Rennie 


Fig.32. 


adopted  an  inverted  cone  as  a  basis  of  construction  and 
modifications  of  these  types. 

Sir  George  Cayley  made  many  experiments  in  the 


56  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

application  of  an  elastic  screw  propeller  for  aerial  pro- 
pulsion, but  did  not  go  beyond  laboratory  practice. 

In  Fig.  33  is  shown  one  of  his  aeromotors,  which, 
although  a  toy,  serves  to  mark  a  distinct  advance  in  the 
progress  of  this  branch  of  science.  Two  corks  c,  c  are 
connected  by  light  cane  rods  a,  a't  and  a  wire  hook  e'  is 
rigidly  attached  to  c.  A  similar  wire  hook  e  passes 
freely  through  c,  and  is  fixed  to  a  cork  d  carrying  two 
vanes  or  feathers  w,  w  forming  the  blades  of  the  pro- 
peller. An  elastic  band  b  is  stretched  between  the  hooks 


Fig.  33. 


e,  e ',  which  may  be  wound  up  by  twisting  the  propeller 
on  d  in  the  opposite  direction  to  which  it  is  to  travel. 
When  released,  the  tension  of  b  causes  the  propeller  to 
revolve  rapidly  in  the  right  direction,  resulting  in  a  short 
aerial  flight  of  the  apparatus.  Cayley  further  duplicated 
this  arrangement  by  adding  a  reverse  propeller  to  the 
hook  e '. 

Various  types  of  elastic  propellers  have  been  con- 
structed upon  the  lines  of  Erichsen  or  Rennie,  such  as 
that  shown  by  Fig.  34,  in  which  the  blade  is  built  up  of 


SCREW   PROPULSION. 


57 


thin  metal  sheets  or  laminae  a  superimposed  upon  each, 
and  slotted  to  freely  receive  a  stud  b  attached  to  the 


Fig.  3k 


preceding  plate,  in  a  similar  manner  to  the  building  up 
of  a  coach  spring. 


Henderson's  propeller  (Fig.  35)  has  a  triangular  boss, 
and  the  blades  a  are  tangential  to  the  boss  at  their  lines 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


of  attachment  b.  The  sections  of  each  blade  a  parallel 
to  the  edges  follow  regular  parabolic  or  hypobolic  curves, 
and  the  lines  or  edges  b  are  in  planes  parallel  to  the  axis, 
and  the  other  edges  are  perpendicular  thereto. 


Fig  37. 

In  Fig.  36  is  shown  Vogelsand's  propeller,  in  which 
the  blades  are  arranged  equidistantly  around  the  boss, 
or  in  pairs,  each  being  similar  to  the  one  diametrically 


opposite,  but  has  its  leading  and  trailing  edges  reversed 
in  direction  to,  but  similar  in  curvature  to,  the  trailing 
and  leading  edges  of  that  on  either  side.  They  are 
alternately  bent  back  and  forward  in  the  plane  of  rota- 


SCREW   PROPULSION.  59 

tion,  so  that  the  water  is  thrown  away  from  and  towards 
the  hub  alternately.  In  the  example  shown,  the  blades 
may  be  made  integral  with  the  boss,  but  the  design  is 
equally  applicable  if  they  are  bolted  on.  One  edge  of 
each  blade  may  be  straight,  or  partly  straight  and  partly 
curved,  and  the  other  in  the  form  of  an  ogee ;  and  the 
pitch  may  be  uniform  or  variable  throughout  the  blade. 
The  tips  may  lie  in  different  planes,  but  the  roots  must 
lie  in  approximately  the  same  plane. 

Boisset  and  Mercier's  screw  propeller  is  shown  by 
the  elevations,  Fig.  37,  and  the  corresponding  cross 
sections,  Fig.  38.  The  efficient  maximum  width  is 
estimated  at  one-fifth  diameter  at  a  point  three-fifths  of 
its  length  from  the  boss.  The  pitch  is  six  times  the 


Fig.39. 

diameter,  and  the  maximum  inclination  of  the  blade  at 
the  tip  about  64°.  The  edges  of  the  blades  from  b  to  b' 
are  straight,  and  project  beyond  the  boss,  and  the  edges 
from  b  to  c  and  from  b'  to  c'  are  curved,  while  the  tips 
are  straight.  Near  the  boss  the  propeller  is  convex,  and 
becomes  concave  about  the  middle  of  the  length,  and 
straight  near  the  tip,  while  the  angle  it  makes  with  the 
axis  increases  from  the  boss  outwards.  This  form  of 
propeller  in  its  revolution  drives  the  displaced  air  toward 
a  point  in  the  axis  about  twice  its  diameter  to  the  rear. 
It  is  preferable  in  practice  to  obtain  the  highest  effici- 
ency by  using  two  propellers  of  opposite  hand,  arranged 
tandem-wise. 

Fig.  39  illustrates  Williams'  propeller,  in  which  the 


6o 


AERIAL    NAVIGATION. 


distinguishing  feature  is  that  the  blades  are  so  con- 
structed that  the  pitch  increases  uniformly  from  the 
periphery  to  the  axis,  where  it  is  infinite. 

b 


Fig.  40. 

Alexander's  flexible  propeller  is  shown  by  the  side 
and   end   views,   Fig.  40.      A   tubular    Z    frame   ab   is 


Fvg.M 


mounted  upon  an  axis  d,  the  ends  being  connected  by 
a  strong  but  light  wire  stay  c,  the  blades  e  being  attached 
to  abc,  and  made  of  thin  elastic  sheet  metal,  or  of  fabric, 


SCREW   PROPULSION.  6l 

and  suitably  curved.  The  device  is  not  a  true  propeller, 
since  it  cannot  be  properly  pitched,  but  as  a  light  elastic 
impulse  appliance  in  air  it  has  some  merit. 

According  to  Feraud,  the  proper  method  of  construc- 
tion of  propellers  for  air  displacement  is  to  set  out  a 
series  of  concentric  cylinders  as  shown  by  Fig.  41.  The 
concentric  cylinders  cd,  efhave  a  common  axis  ab,  which 
is  also  the  centre  line  of  the  propeller  shaft.  Upon  each 
cylinder  is  described  a  helix  ghi  of  given  inclination, 
gd  being  the  pitch  equivalent  of  the  periphery.  The 
surfaces  between  this  and  the  axis  are  rilled  in  to  corre- 
spond to  the  curves  set  forth  by  the  helices. 


(/  /M  11 

lc 


Schmidt  uses  a  shrouding  which  has  inverse  blades 
and  may  revolve  oppositely  to  the  propeller  proper,  or 
may  be  stationary.  This  is  shown  by  the  end  view, 
Fig.  42.  The  ordinary  screw  propeller  h  revolves  in 
the  direction  of  the  arrow,  and  is  enclosed  by  a  ring  k 
with  vanes  or  blades  m  inclined  in  a  contrary  direction 
to  those  upon  the  propeller  h.  The  ring  k  and  propeller 
h  are  revolved  in  opposite  directions  at  the  same  angular 
velocity,  and  the  object  of  using  k  is  to  utilise  the  energy 
of  the  displacement  of  air  caused  by  h. 


62 


AERIAL    NAVIGATION. 


In  Fig.  43  a  propeller  blade  with  "gliding  lips"  is 
shown,  the  invention  of  Mr  W.  Child.  These  lips  are 
formed  upon  the  leading  and  trailing  edges  of  the  blade 
as  indicated  by  the  dotted  outline  on  the  end  elevation 
and  cross  sections  in  the  figure.  The  circumference  of 
the  boss  at  its  greatest  diameter  is  equal  to  the  pitch 
of  the  screw,  and  the  contour  is  such  that  upon  cutting 
it  by  a  series  of  equidistant  planes  perpendicular  to  the 


Fig.  43. 

axis  the  enclosed  area  diminishes  as  the  rear  end  of 
the  boss  is  approached,  on  account  of  its  increased 
size.  This  form  of  propeller  is  particularly  adapted  to 
enclosing  rings  or  casing,  both  fixed  and  movable. 

Another  instance  illustrating  enclosed  propellers  is 
that  of  Storz,  shown  by  Fig.  44.  The  propeller  boss  a 
is  comparatively  massive,  and  of  considerable  diameter 
relatively  to  the  curved  blades  b,  and  revolves  in  a 
partially  closed  casing  r,  so  that  the  skin  or  frame  d 


SCREW   PROPULSION.  63 

of  the  aerial  machine  is  tangential  to  the  boss  a.  The 
direction  of  the  arrows  indicates  the  direction  of  the  air 
current.  It  has  not  yet  been  deduced  from  experiment 
or  demonstration  that  a  real  gain  is  effected  in  the  work 


done  by  a  propeller  by  enclosing  it  peripherally  in  an 
immobile  casing.  It  is  an  undoubted  advantage  to 
obtain  the  full  value  of  the  reaction  thrust. 

This  has  more  or  less  been  provided  for  by  Vogelsang, 


&> — > 


.  t5. 


as  shown  by  Fig.  45.  Here,  in  front  of  the  propeller  /;, 
revolving  on  the  shaft  s,  and  concentric  therewith  a 
portway  mounted  upon  a  bracket,  and  contracted  at  the 
central  cross  section  c,  so  that  the  air  displaced  by  the 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


revolution  of  the  propeller  b  may,  in  rushing  through  the 
contracted  portway,  set  up  a  reaction  which  materially 
assists  propulsion. 

The  difference  in  the  density  and  behaviour  of  dis- 
placed air  in  the  case  of  effecting  propulsion  by  screw 


N 


propellers  relatively  to  water  as  a  medium  has  given 
rise  to  the  inception  of  various  kinds  of  screw  to  produce 
the  required  effect  with  due  regard  to  the  elasticity  of 
the  air.  Some  inventors  rely  upon  a  rigid  structure, 
carefully  plotting  the  curves  comprised  in  the  blades  to 
displace,  and  at  the  same  time  to  utilise  the  comparative 


SCREW   PROPULSION. 


solidity  due  to  the  reaction  of  the  mass.  Others,  again, 
depend  upon  automatic  adjustment  according  to  the 
air  resistance  against  some  form  of  elastic  spring,  in 
some  cases  applied  to  otherwise  rigid  blades,  and  in 
others  adopting  an  elastic  structure  for  the  blade  itself 
upon  a  boss  which  is  immobile  except  for  its  revolution 
upon  its  axis. 

The  construction  of  a  screw  propeller  in  which  the 
face  of  each  blade  is  a  portion  of  the  surface  of  a  cone, 
the  axis  of  which  is  inclined  to  the 
surface  of  the  shaft,  is  shown  in  set- 
off  by  Fig.  46.     The  pitch  lines  b,  c, 
d,  e,  f,  g,  k,  i  are  the  intersections  of 
the   conical    surface   with    cylinders 
concentric  with  the  axis  AN  of  the 
propeller,  the  relative  angles  being 
shown  as  from  o°  to  1 80°.    This  type 
is  generally  known   as  the   Adams 
propeller,  and  may  be  formed  with 
semi-elastic  blades   of  sheet    metal 
pressed  into  shape  by  inverse  tem- 
plets constructed  upon  the  lines  set 
down  in  the  diagram.    Another  type 
of  semi-elastic  propeller  is  that  of 
Pennington  and   New  (Fig.  47),  in 
which  a  radial  rib  of  steel  b  has  a 
heavy   curved    head   c  forming   the 
periphery  of  the  propeller  and  also  acting  as  a  fly-wheel. 
The  surface  or  web  a  of  the  blade  may  be  made  of  thin 
sheet  metal,  wood,  or  with  edges  of  semi-elastic,  light 
material,   and    filled    in    with    fabric    of   some    suitable 
texture. 

An  example  of  the  mobile  type  of  blade  is  that  of 
Heathorn.  The  propeller  blades  v  shown  by  Fig.  48 
are  mounted  upon  a  hollow  boss  upon  a  shaft  cranked 

E 


66 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


oppositely  at  c,  c  and  common  to  both  opposite  blades. 
Stout  elastic  bands  y  of  rubber,  or  steel  springs,  tend 
to  maintain  by  their  tension  the  cranks  c,  c  in  close 
proximity  to  fixed  pins  ^,  which  are  coupled  to  the 
cranks  by  the  bands  or  springs  y.  The  blades  v  thus 
resist  the  angular  inclination  in  rotation  automatically, 
and  adapt  such  inclination  as  may  be  induced  by  the 


velocity.  It  is  obvious  that  a  considerable  loss  of  power 
must  result  from  an  indefinite  angle  and  variable  pitch, 
especially  in  the  case  of  high  velocities. 

Razeau's  propeller  is  of  the  multivane  type,  and  is 
shown  by  the  two  views,  Fig.  49.  A  number  of  helical 
blades  a,  b>  c,  d'  are  attached  to  a  large  boss  B  on  the 
shaft  K  to  form  the  screw  propeller  ;  the  outer  edges  of 
these  may  be  free,  or  are  attached  to  a  conoidal  ring  or 


PADDLE   PROPELLERS. 


67 


hoop  de.  Curved  surfaces  /,  g,  H,  and  /,  m,  are  fixed  to 
the  shaft  K,  one  on  each  side  of  the  propeller,  to  deflect 
the  currents  of  displacement  to  the  blades,  and  re- 
combine  them  so  that  all  the  energy  due  to  reaction 
may  be  utilised  in  propulsion  without  undue  shock  due 
to  intermittent  impulse. 

Paddle  Propellers. — The  use  of  paddles  in  aerial 
propulsion  is  not  broadly  advocated  for  the  reasons 
that  as  a  means  of  displacing  air  and  utilising  the 


Fig.49. 

reaction  of  the  induced  currents,  the  necessary  high 
velocities  cannot  be  sustained  effectively,  since  the 
feathering  motion  of  the  paddles,  an  essential  function, 
at  all  times  attended  with  considerable  friction  in  the 
moving  parts,  is  retarded  by. the  action  of  centrifugal 
force  upon  the  fulcrums  of  the  vanes.  This  is  negligible 
at  low  rates  of  speed,  but  as  high  speed  is  indispensable 
it  is  a  decided  disadvantage.  An  open  paddle  with 
radially  fulcrummed  vanes  is  impracticable  unless  the 


68 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


leverage  upon  the  axis  is  varied  considerably  during 
its  rotation.  That  is  to  say,  an  ordinary  feathering 
paddle  wheel  must  be  partially  cased,  or  if  the  wheel 
is  open  the  feathering  action  must  be  modified  so  as 
to  reduce  the  radius  of  the  leverage.  Two  examples 
are  shown  illustrating  both  methods.  First,  Oetling's 
feathering  paddle,  shown  by  Fig.  50. 


.  50. 


In  this  device  the  wheel  revolves  in  a  partially  open 
casing  a,  and  the  vanes  b,  c  are  pivoted  upon  the  arms, 
and  are  feathered  by  turning  them  once  about  their  axes 
for  every  two  revolutions  of  the  wheel.  This  is  ac- 
complished by  means  of  two  eccentric  cams  d,  e,  into 
which  the  inner  ends  of  the  arms  f  are  directed  alter- 
nately by  tongues  g,  h  engaging  in  the  grooved  cam 


JET   PROPULSION. 


69 


paths.  The  openings  in  the  casing  a  may  be  regulated 
by  suitable  doors.  In  Martin's  wheel,  shown  in  elevation 
and  plan  by  Fig.  51,  the  blades  are  pivoted  at  d  to 
a  revolving  boss  <r,  and  carry  riding  irons  g^  h,  which  ride 
on  a  cam  /,  and  shift  the  blades  from  the  right  hand  in 
which  they  make  their  down-stroke,  the  propelling 


Fig.  51 


position,  to  the  left  hand,  or  idle  position,  in  which  they 
make  the  up-stroke. 

Jet  Propulsion. — Many  inventors  have  sought  to 
effect  aerial  propulsion  by  pressure  jets,  of  steam,  gases, 
or  the  reaction  of  explosion.  The  point  at  which  the 
jet  issues,  a  nozzle,  for  instance,  is  of  small  area,  so 
that  the  area  of  displacement  is  also  small  where  the 
maximum  pressure  is  available  by  impact  to  produce 


70  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

motion.  The  fluid  issuing  from  the  nozzle  at  a  high 
pressure  expands  as  an  inverted  cone  of  which  the  apex  is 
the  orifice.  The  volume  thus  increases  and  the  pressure 
diminishes  in  inverse  ratio,  thus  the  effective  work  done 
may  be  estimated  by  the  displacement  of  air  in  pro- 
portion to  the  volume  of  the  cone  at  the  mean  pressure 
in  a  given  period  of  time.  If  the  pressure  is  derived 
directly  from  a  steam  generator,  it  is  a  wasteful  method 
of  utilising  the  initial  energy ;  and  if  from  a  storage 
reservoir,  the  waste  is  greater,  since  power  has  to  be 
employed  to  store  gas  under  pressure.  The  system  is 
equally  inefficient  when  surfaces  are  added  to  utilise 
the  energy  of  reaction,  whether  with  single  or  multiple 
nozzles.  It  is  equivalent  to  an  attempt  to  convert 
a  gun  carriage  into  a  locomotive  vehicle  by  employing 
the  energy  of  the  recoil  due  to  successive  discharges  as 
a  motive  power.  Therefore,  among  the  many  recorded 
but  unsuccessful  experiments  in  this  direction  there  are 
none  to  which  we  can  refer  in  detail.* 

Aeroplanes. — Probably  the  lifting  power  of  a  kite, 
and  the  pull  exerted  upon  the  cord,  originated  the  idea 
of  a  plane  surface  suitably  inclined  so  as  to  rise  when 
a  forward  movement  is  imparted  to  it,  and  maintained 
during  the  flight.  It  has  been  amply  demonstrated 
that  a  suitably  designed  aeroplane  will  rise  in  the  air, 
and  carry  its  load,  but  no  extended  flights  have  hitherto 
been  accomplished.  There  is,  in  such  a  machine,  a 
considerable  inert  mass  which  is  unavoidable,  and  thus 


*  The  only  way  in  which  a  jet  can  be  used  with  any  degree  of 
efficiency,  is  to  employ  it  within  a  trumpeted  casing  so  that  it  may, 
by  its  initial  velocity,  set  up  a  lesser  velocity  in  a  larger  volume  of 
air  which  may  appreciably  react  upon  the  surrounding  atmosphere 
to  cause  motion.  The  analogy  in  this  case  is  that  of  the  steam 
pressure  ejector,  and  not  that  of  the  oft-quoted  H.M.S.  Waterwitch, 


AEROPLANES.  71 

when  once  in  the  air,  at  the  mercy  of  every  variation  of 
the  wind  currents,  the  maintenance  of  equilibrium  must 
be  automatic,  involuntary  and  anticipatory  as  it  were,  as 
in  the  action  of  a  man  standing  or  walking,  or  a  bird 
soaring.  This  attribute  is  yet  in  the  future,  so  far  as 
mechanical  action  is  concerned,  whether  automatic  or 
under  human  control.  The  larger  motive  aeroplanes 
have  been  provided  with  a  railed  track,  to  attain  the 


Fig  52 


required  velocity  previous  to  actual  flight.  An  upper 
rail  restrains  the  tendency  to  premature  ascent.  No 
provision  has  been  made  as  yet  for  descent  in  the  open 
country  or  elsewhere,  nor  is  the  direction  of  motion 
capable  of  being  diverted  far  from  the  point  from  which 
the  wind  is  blowing.  We  shall  presently  find,  when 
dealing  with  the  construction  of  an  air-ship  which  alone 
renders  aerial  navigation  possible,  that  the  aeroplane,  if 


72 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


impracticable   as   a   means   for  flight  used  alone,  is  a 
valuable  accessory  to  the  air-ship. 

Before  entering  into  the  subject  of  the  aeroplane 
and  its  development,  it  will  be  well  to  consider  the 
action  of  the  wind  upon  an  inclined  surface  at  rest 
Referring  to  the  diagram,  Fig.  52,  let  a  be  an  inclined 
surface  at  rest,  r  the  wind  pressure,  w  a  suspended 
weight,  and  0  angle  of  inclination  to  the  wind,  and  / 
pressure  of  wind  per  square  foot  at  normal,  i.e.,  if  the 


z> 


Fig.  53 


surface  was  directly  opposed  to  it  instead  of  being 
inclined.  Then  the  resultant  pressure  per  square  foot 
on  the  oblique  surface  P  is  — 

2COS0 


~ 


in  miles  per  hour, 
or/  =  .cx)23^2  in  feet  per  second. 

So  the  value  of  the  lifting  power  upon  w  may  be  cal- 
culated if  the  area  of  the  plane  a  is  defined  in  square 
feet,  or  the  weight  of  w  in  pounds  if  it  is  raised. 


AEROPLANES. 


73 


M.  Pinaud  carried  out  many  experiments  in  motive 
aeroplanes,  one  of  which,  a  toy,  is  a  modification  of 
Sir  George  Cayley's  device  shown  by  Fig.  53.  An  aero- 
plane w  and  tail  vane  t  are  attached  to  a  frame  a,  between 
the  ends  b,  b'  of  which  is  stretched  a  twisted  rubber  band 
£,  which,  when  wound  up  in  tension,  rotates  a  propeller 
/,  affording  a  sustained  oblique  flight. 

Mr  Wenham  devised  a  multivaned  aeroplane,  in 
which  the  lifting  vanes  were  superimposed  upon  each 
other  similar  to  a  set  of  bookshelves.  This  doubtless 


has  developed  into  the  "  box "  kite  in  use  for  military 
purposes.  Stringfellow  improved  upon  this  apparatus 
in  1868,  adding  motive  power  and  screw  propellers,  and 
his  machine  is  illustrated  by  Fig.  54.  The  planes  a,  a,  a" 
are  superimposed  as  in  Wenham's  device,  and  the 
generator  and  motor  b  fixed  on  the  lower  plane  a' ',  the 
propellers  <:,  c  revolving  through  spaces  formed  in  a', 
which  also  carries  the  prow  and  tail  vanes.  The  total 
weight  was  only  12  Ibs.,  inclusive  of  the  water  required 
to  generate  the  steam,  although  the  power  developed 
was  1.3  H.P.  A  trial  took  place  at  the  Crystal  Palace 


74 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


AEROPLANES. 


75 


under  the  auspices  of  the  Aeronautical  Society  of  Great 
Britain,  and  Mr  Stringfellow  obtained  an  award  of  ;£ioo 
on  account  of  the  lightness  and  efficiency  of  the  motor 
apparatus.  The  apparatus  ran  upon  an  extended  wire, 
and- although  the  machine  travelled  at  a  high  rate  of 
speed,  it  did  not  leave  the  wife. 

Henson  at  the  same  time  made  a  large  aeroplane 


Fig  56 


shown  by  Fig.  55,  in  which  the  horizontally  extended 
planes  a,  a  were  40  ft.  from  end  to  end.  A  cigar-shaped 
car  d  carried  the  motive  power  apparatus  for  operating 
the  screw  propellers  c  and  also  the  aeronaut.  Steering 
was  effected  by  a  tail  vane  b,  and  broad-tyred  wheels 
were  fitted  below  the  car  to  carry  it  while  the  initial 
velocity  was  attained  previous  to  ascent,  and  also  to 
facilitate  landing  when  descending.  This  made  several 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


AEROPLANES.  77 

flights  of  short  duration,  but  was  generally  a  failure  for 
the  reasons  we  have  previously  explained. 

In  Crease's  aeroplane  the  lifting  planes  are  merely 
adjuncts,  the  actual  lifting  being  accomplished  by  screw 
propellers  with  vertical  axes.  This  device  is  shown  by 
Fig.  56,  in  which  an  aeroplane  a  has  a  light  framework 
covered  by  fabric.  A  deep  keel  i  supports  a  tubular 
platform  or  car  d  having  a  hollow  base  e  for  storing  the 
liquid  fuel  or  gas  under  pressure.  Two  motors/;/7  on 
the  platform  d  drive  a  vertical  shaft  g  which  transmits 
the  power  by  means  of  a  spur  wheel  k  and  pinions  to 
two  propellers  b,  over  which  two  orifices  are  formed  in 
the  fabric  of  the  aeroplane  for  the  emission  of  the  dis- 
placed air.  A  stern  propeller  h  controlled  by  clutches 
/,/  affords  horizontal  propulsion,  and  steering  is  effected 
by  changing  the  position  of  the  balance  weight  m  as 
shown  by  the  dotted  lines. 

Sir  Hiram  Maxim  has  carried  out  extensive  experi- 
ments in  dirigible  aeroplanes,  and  in  the  course  of 
developing  his  ideas,  has  been  successful  in  producing 
effective  motors  and  generators  of  extreme  lightness  and 
portability,  which  will  be  noted  under  the  head  of  Motive 
Power  in  a  succeeding  chapter. 

In  one  of  Maxim's  machines  (Fig.  57)  the  aeroplane 
B  is  trussed  and  stayed  with  wires,  and  covered  on  both 
sides  with  fabric,  which  is  stretched  tight  on  the  under 
side,  and  is  perforated  for  the  air  to  pass  through,  so  that 
the  weight  is  supported  by  the  top  surface.  The  lifting 
planes  N  are  arranged  step-wise  as  shown,  and  made 
long  and  narrow,  and  in  some  cases  hollow  to  form  a 
surface  condenser,  and  are  supported  by  bowed  tubes  O, 
carrying  the  exhaust  steam  and  condensed  water.  The 
motor  L  drives  the  propeller  M  by  steam  pressure  from 
a  generator  G.  A  vaporiser  II  is  connected  to  a  suitable 
burner  T  under  the  generator  G.  The  whole  is  supported 


?8  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

when  at  rest  upon  wheels  w,  and  steered  in  flight  by  sail 
rudders /"fixed  on  pivots  to  B,  fore  and  aft. 

In  another  machine,  constructed  by  Maxim,  and 
shown  by  Fig.  58,  the  main  aeroplane  a  is  pivoted  upon 
a  vertical  support  b"  carrying  a  car  b  mounted  upon 
wheels/,  and  the  inclination  of  a  may  be  adjusted  and 
regulated  by  suitable  ropes,  pulleys,  and  a  winch.  Wings 
may  be  attached  to  a  to  which  a  downward  motion  is 
automatically  imparted  by  the  impact  of  the  wheels  / 


Fig.  58. 

upon  the  earth  in  descent,  the  arms  q  being  connected 
to  drums  s  for  that  purpose.  Light  screw  propellers  e 
are  rotated  by  engines  driven  by  the  pressure  generated 
in  a  boiler  or  other  generator  r,  a  chimney  c  carrying 
off  the  products  of  combustion,  pipes  m  conveying  the 
vapour  or  gas  under  pressure  to  the  engines.  A  supple- 
mentary condenser  of  the  flat  film  type  is  added  to  the 
tubular  framework,  and  by  its  structure  may  form  part 
of  the  sustaining  planes  of  the  apparatus. 

Sir  Hiram  Maxim  has  further  modified  his  aeroplane 


AEROPLANES. 


79 


in  the  manner  shown  by  Fig.  59,  in  which  the  machine  is 
supported  in  the  air  by  two  large  screw  propellers,  one 
upon  each  side,  driven  by  nearly  vertical  shafts.  One  of 
these  screws  C1  is  shown  in  the  elevation.  1 1  is  four-bladed, 
and  is  of  small  pitch.  The  shaft  b  is  slightly  inclined 
from  the  vertical  in  a  forward  direction,  and  is  driven  by 
the  four-cylinder  steam  or  gas  engine  D.  The  blades  of 
the  screws  are  stayed  so  as  to  automatically  diminish  the 
pitch  as  the  air  pressure  below  them  increases.  The 
leading  edges  of  the  screws  C3  are  stayed  to  a  fixed 


FigSS 

collar  C2  upon  the  shaft  b,  and  the  rear  edges  to  a  sliding 
collar  a  attached  by  a  spring  s  to  the  bearing  collar,  and 
controlled  by  a  hand  wheel  *.  The  frame  is  mounted  upon 
three  wheels  //,  the  leading  and  trailing  wheels  being 
adjusted  in  height  by  means  of  hand  wheels  c,  c.  In 
addition  to  the  large  screws  already  described,  the 
machine  also  carries  two  smaller  screws/",/",  one  in  front 
and  the  other  behind.  These  are  mounted  with  their 
motors  g,  gf  on  trunnions,  so  that  the  screens  may  be 
either  lifting,  lowering,  or  propelling,  and  are  preferably, 
like  the  lifting  screws  C1,  made  of  a  light  metal  frame- 


8o 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


work,  and  covered  with  strong  fabric.  In  starting  the 
machine  it  is  run  forward  upon  the  wheels  until  the 
screws  C1  exert  their  effect  in  lifting  the  apparatus,  and 
act  in  the  manner  of  aeroplanes  or  wings.  The  loose 
collar  a  and  spring  s  admit  of  a  feathering  action  by 
presenting  the  least  surface  in  front.  Rolling  is  counter- 


Fy.60 


acted  by  the  automatic  action  of  a  weighted  pendulum 
which  cuts  off  the  motive  fluid  from  the  engine  on 
the  rising  side,  and  giving  a  full  supply  to  that  upon 
the  lower  side.  Fore  and  aft  balancing  is  effected  by 
a  sliding  platform  controlled  by  a  hand  wheel.  The 
motors  D  have  four  cylinders  arranged  in  pairs  opposite 


AEROPLANES.  8 1 

one  another  and  driving  cranks  at  180°,  so  that  with  a 
four-stroke  cycle  an  impulse  is  obtained  every  half 
revolution.  The  motors  are  preferably  driven  by  acety- 
lene, which  is  stored  in  reservoirs  k  and  mixed  with 
about  -V  by  volume  with  acetone  or  acetic  ether  to 
produce  a  mixture  which  can  be  kept  liquid  at  a  lower 
pressure  than  acetylene  alone.  The  tubular  framing  may 
be  utilised  as  a  condenser. 

Becnen  follows  this  mode  of  construction  in  the 
apparatus  shown  by  Fig.  60.  Two  cars  E,  E'  are  used, 
the  former  for  passengers  and  the  latter  for  carrying  the 
motor  M  (not  shown).  A  lifting  screw  F  and  horizontal 
propelling  screw  F'  are  adapted  to  the  frame,  and  driven 
by  suitable  gearing  by  the  motor.  The  machine  is 
steered  by  means  of  a  fan  or  propeller  s.  The  shafts  of 
the  lifting  and  propelling  screws  F,  F'  may  be  inclined  so 
as  to  allow  the  screw  F'  to  assist  in  lifting,  the  collar  u 
being  adjustable  around  the  quadrant  g.  The  screws 
F,  Ff  are  constructed  with  a  hollow  conical  centre/,/',  and 
a  ring  of  vanes  made  concave  on  the  pressure  side  are 
pivoted  in  radial  bearings.  The  inclination  of  these 
blades  /  can  be  adjusted  by  rods  t  joined  to  a  sliding 
collar  //,  the  position  of  which  can  be  regulated  by  a  slid- 
ing collar  //,  rod  //,  and  handle  within  a  suitable  quadrant 
Wheels  r  and  runners  o  are  provided  to  facilitate  move- 
ment upon  the  ground  in  ascent  and  descent. 

Davenport  constructed  an  aeroplane  shaped  like  a 
bird,  the  body  being  the  car,  and  carrying  the  motive 
power  apparatus.  The  wings  were  rigidly  attached  to 
the  body,  and  of  great  superficial  area.  The  wings  were 
strongly  made  in  two  layers  superimposed  with  a  space 
intervening.  The  lower  surface  was  of  open  framework, 
carrying  a  number  of  fans  with  vertical  axes,  and  driven 
by  the  motor  through  bands,  or  rope  gearing.  The 
upper  surface  was  slotted  and  provided  with  valves  at 


82  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

close  intervals,  which  closed  automatically  by  pressure 
underneath,  but  freely  opened  under  top  external  pres- 
sure. A  large  tail  vane  effected  the  vertical  and  hori- 
zontal steering,  and  the  mode  of  progression  was  to 
ascend  vertically,  and  glide  forwards  and  downwards, 
and  this  process  being  repeated,  propulsion  was  effected. 
The  aerocurve  is  a  formation  of  the  aeroplane  proper, 
in  which  the  latter  is  stepped  into  a  series  of  curvilinear 
surfaces,  derived  from  a  cissoid,  the  upper  or  passive 
surface  being  parallel  to  the  asymptote  thereof.  It  is  a 
complicated  and  somewhat  expensive  mode  of  construc- 
tion, but  when  the  opposing  angle  is  between  f  and  15° 
at  a  velocity  of  88  ft.  per  minute,  the  retardation  due  to 
the  shape  and  angle  gives  a  lifting  power  of  .00397  Ibs. 
per  square  foot,  and  proportionately  according  to  v2. 


CHAPTER   VI. 
MOTIVE    POWER. 

IN  dealing  with  the  subject  of  motive  power,  we  must 
bear  in  mind  that  the  construction  of  any  motor,  gene- 
rator, and  storage  apparatus  must  afford  the  maximum 
of  effective  power  at  a  high  rate  of  speed,  and  the 
minimum  of  weight.  We  may  divide  the  various  types 
suitable  for  the  purpose  under  the  following  heads,  viz., 
vapour  engines  (explosive),  such  as  petroleum  and  other 
internal  combustion  motors  ;  steam  engines  (water  or 
spirit  vapour),  generators,  electric  motors  and  accumu- 
lators, and  motors  operated  by  compressed  air  or  gases 
stored  in  reservoirs. 

Fuel. — In  the  first  place,  we  may  compare  the  value 
of  fuels  as  adapted  for  storage,  consumption,  and  appli- 
cation to  aerial  navigation.  Coal  and  solid  fuels  are 
not  adapted  to  close  storage,  and  the  calorific  power  is 
far  below  that  of  liquid  fuels.  The  three  units  of  heat 
now  in  use  are  the  B.T.U.  (British  thermal  unit),  being 
the  amount  of  heat  required  to  raise  I  Ib.  of  water  i° 
Fahr.  This  unit  is  in  ordinary  acceptance  in  this 
country,  but  to  facilitate  general  research  we  may  give 
the  equivalent  values  of  the  P.C.U.  (pound  Centigrade 
unit),  the  amount  of  heat  required  to  raise  I  Ib.  of  water 
i°  Cent,  and  the  cal.  which  is  the  amount  of  heat  required 


84  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

to  raise  i  kilogram  of  water  i°  Cent.     The  conversion 
factors  are — 

Convert  B.T.U.  into  P.C.U.  X  0.555 
B.T.U.     „     Cal.        x  0.252 
„       P.C.U.     „     B.T.U.  x   1.8 
P.C.U.     „     Cal.        x  0.3423 
Cal.          „     B.T.U.  x  3.968 
Cal,          „     P.C.U.  x  2.921 

The  combustion  of  a  hydrocarbon  occurs  when  the 
temperature  is  sufficient  for  the  heat  evolved  to  produce 
luminosity,  and  complete  combustion  takes  place  when 
the  highest  point  of  oxidation  is  reached.  Incomplete 
combustion  is  shown  by  unconsumed  by-products,  and 
the  escape  of  the  gaseous  residue  at  a  low  degree  of 
oxidation.  For  instance,  the  by-products  should  consist 
only  of  water  and  carbon  dioxide  (CO2),  and  the  result 
of  inefficiency  is  the  presence  of  soot  as  a  solid  carbon 
by-product,  and  free  hydrocarbon  or  carbon  monoxide 
(CO)  as  a  gaseous  by-product. 


MOTIVE   POWER. 


The  following  table  shows  the  values  in  B.T.U.  of 
various  fuels  and  constituents,  upon  the  basis  of  Pullen's 
calculations  : — 


Solid  Liquid  or  Gas. 

M 

ensity,  Pounds 
er  Cubic  Foot. 

specific  Heat, 
nstant  Pressure. 

jj 

•""  £ 

Molecular 
Weight, 

B.T.U. 

< 

Q  & 

0 

(J 

Air 

.0809 

.2377 

.1690 

... 

*Carbon 

11.97 

108.7 

.2411 

H,540 

Carbon  dioxide     - 

... 

.1225 

.2164 

.1535 

C02.43-9 

Carbon  oxide 

.0784 

.2479 

.1758 

CO.27.9 

4,370 
17,800 

Hydrogen 

I.OO 

.0056 

3-404 

2.414 

Ho.  2 

61,260 

Nitrogen 

14.01 

.0784 

.2440 

•  1730 

N2.28 

Marsh  gas    - 

.0448 

.5929 

.4701 

CH4.i5.9 

26,400 

Olefiant  gas 

... 

.0784 

.404 

0,114.27.9 

21,300 

Oxygen 

15.96 

.0896 

.2182 

.156 

0*31.9 

Steam,  212° 

... 

•05 

.4750 

•34 

H20.i7-9 

Sulphur 

31.98 

.127 

.2026 

80.63.9 

4,000 

Sulphur  dioxide    - 

.1792 

SoO.62-9 

Petroleum,  refined 

... 

52.6l 

... 

... 

22,000 

,,          crude 

54-3 

20,000 

*  This  applies  to  approximately  pure  carbon — graphite. 

Petroleum  in  most  of  its  many  forms  has  theoretically, 
weight  for  weight,  33  per  cent,  higher  evaporative  value 
than  the  best  steam  coal.  Its  useful  effect  is  15  per 
cent,  greater  than  that  of  anthracite,  which  is  the  best 
known  kind  of  steam-raising  coal,  since  petroleum  can 
be  reckoned  as  75  per  cent,  efficiency  instead  of  60  per 
cent.  So,  to  sum  up,  petroleum  may,  weight  for  weight, 


86 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


be  practically  considered   as   from   63   to  75   per  cent, 
higher  than  the  best  coal. 

The  following  table  shows  the  comparative  values  of 
petroleum,  fuel,  and  coal : — 


FUEL. 

Specific 
Gravity, 
32°  Fahr. 

B.T.U. 

Evaporation 
Pounds  Water 
at  212°  Fahr. 

Best  steam  coal    - 

1.380 

14,112 

12.  l6 

Refined  petroleum 

0.928 

17,832 

17.  10 

Caucasian  heavy  crude 

0.938 

20,850 

17.30 

Caucasian  light    - 

0.884 

22,027 

22.79 

American  crude   - 

0.886 

20,736 

21.48 

Therefore  we  may  assume  that  for  purposes  of  aerial 
navigation  liquid  petroleum  fuel  will  be  preferably  used. 

Generators. — The  requirements  of  the  equipment  of 
an  air-ship  demand  the  maximum  amount  of  power 
with  the  minimum  of  weight,  therefore  the  tubular  form 
of  construction  appears  best  to  meet  the  circumstances. 
A  relatively  small  and  continuously  injected  volume  of 
fluid  and  a  restricted  steam  space  renders  the  generator 
rather  a  rapid  high-pressure  gas  producer  than  a  steam 
boiler.  Sometimes  a  volatile  liquid  is  employed,  the 
boiling  point  of  which  is  less  than  that  of  water,  and  the 
tubular  structure  of  the  frame  of  the  aerial  machine  is 
utilised  as  a  surface  condenser,  with  an  auxiliary  con- 
denser if  necessary.  The  disadvantages  are  in  the 
difficulty  of  efficiently  packing  the  glands  and  stuffing 
boxes  of  the  moving  parts,  the  vapour  being  extremely 
rarefied,  and  permeating  freely  what  would  be  a  steam- 


MOTIVE   POWER. 


Fig.  61 


88  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

tight  joint ;  and  the  leakage  is  also  attended  with  danger, 
as  its  admixture  with  atmospheric  air  is  highly  explosive. 
If,  on  the  other  hand,  absolutely  pure  or  distilled  water 
is  not  maintained  in  the  circulating  system,  scaling  takes 
place  to  the  detriment  of  the  tubes,  and  the  nature  of 
the  construction  does  not  allow  of  any  cleaning  process 
but  by  the  use  of  a  chemical  solvent,  which  is  in  itself  a 
source  of  degeneration. 

We  can,  within  the  limited  space  afforded,  only  give 
examples  of  the  best  generators  suitable  for  the  purpose, 
making  no  comparisons  advocating  or  depreciating  any 
particular  design. 

Maxim's  generator  is  shown  by  Figs.  61,  62,  and  63. 
The  medium  may  be  water,  or  gasoline  or  other  liquid 
hydrocarbon  that  is  volatilised  at  a  low  temperature. 
This  is  supplied  through  a  feed  pipe  k  to  the  boiler  g^ 
leading  through  a  chamber/5,  pipes  kl,  kz,  fc3,  a  chamber  j G, 
and  pipes  &  to  the  bottom  of  a  central  chamber  from 
which  it  forces  by  induction  the  re-condensed  vapour 
into  the  heating  pipes  IP  above  the  heater  n\  w2,  ri*.  The 
Vapour  passes  from  the  annular  pipe  Ifi  through  tubes  h^ 
into  the  annular  space  between  the  chamber  Ji  and  the 
central  chamber  i,  from  whence  it  passes  to  the  latter 
chamber  tangentially  through  suitably  formed  orifices  /3, 
Fig.  62,  to  chamber/4,  pipes  /,  71,  /2  to  another  chamber/8, 
from  which  it  passes  to  the  engine  by  the  steam  pipe  ;//. 
The  tubes  J£  are  connected  to  the  pipe  //3  and  chamber  k 
by  specially  constructed  unions,  consisting  of  a  conical 
screwed  nipple  //5,  Fig.  63,  and  a  corresponding  nut  /i7. 
The  tubes  nl,  n2  and  deflectors  n3  of  the  burner  are  made 
of  nickel  or  an  alloy  of  nickel  and  iron.  The  supply  of 
gas  or  vapour  is  regulated  automatically  by  the  boiler 
pressure  or  by  the  temperature,  the  latter  of  which  acts 
by  the  expansion  of  water  in  a  chamber  /,  forming  an 
annular  jacket  to  //.  The  heating  surface  in  this  type  of 


MOTIVE   POWER. 


Fig  65 


9O  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

generator  is  very  great,  and  consequently  the  liquid  and 
steam  spaces  are  restricted,  requiring  a  constant  feed. 

Another  generator,  preferably  for  water  produced 
steam  pressure,  is  shown  by  Figs.  64,  65,  and  66.  It 
is  the  combined  result  of  several  inventions,  and  there- 
fore cannot  be  classed  as  a  distinctive  apparatus.  It 
consists  of  an  outer  shell  A,  at  the  base  of  which  is  a 
hydrocarbon  vaporising  chamber  E  provided  with  a 
number  of  Bunsen  burners  F.  A  number  of  tubes  b  are 
fitted  with  specially  constructed  tee  unions  c  at  each 
end,  so  that  a  uniform  fluid  circulation  may  be  obtained 
from  the  inner  to  the  outer  ring  of  tubes.  Central  tubes 
a  pass  through  the  middle  of  the  outer  tubes,  and  also 
through  the  unions  c,  and  these  form  the  outer  tubes  of 
the  Bunsen  burners  F,  the  heat  from  combustion  passing 
through  and  heating  the  inner  surfaces  of  the  tubes  a, 
and  being  diverted  by  diaphragms  or  baffle  plates  (not 
shown)  passes  downwards,  thus  heating  the  outer  surfaces 
of  the  tubes  b  before  passing  to  the  atmosphere  by  the 
orifice/;  The  system  is  kept  full  of  fluid  by  a  constant 
and  regulated  feed  at  D,  the  steam  passing  from  d  to  a 
steam  reservoir  or  holder  B,  from  which  it  is  taken  to  the 
engine  by  the  steam  pipe  c.  Thus  the  annular  capillary 
space  e  between  each  inner  tube  a  and  outer  tube  b  pre- 
sents a  large  surface  for  heating  a  comparatively  small 
volume  of  fluid.  The  liquid  hydrocarbon  fuel  is  supplied 
under  pressure  to  E  by  an  inlet  t.  The  drawing,  Fig.  65, 
being  to  a  larger  scale,  illustrates  the  arrangement  of  the 
two  tubes. 

Another  form  of  generator  designed  by  Maxim  is 
shown  by  Figs.  67  and  68.  This  consists  of  a  large 
number  of  thin  metal  tubes  A  of  small  diameter,  con- 
nected with  larger  tubes  A1  forming  headers  or  water 
chambers,  and  arranged  in  tiers  as  to  the  upper  part,  but 
entirely  surrounding  the  furnace  at  the  bottom.  The 


MOTIVE   POWER. 

A? 


Fig.67. 


92  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

tubes  are  furnished  with  ribs  or  wings  A4  for  facilitating 
the  transfer  of  heat.  The  headers  A1  are  divided  so  that 
the  water  which  is  forced  in  by  pumps  follows  a  sinuous 
course  from  the  cooler  to  the  hotter  portion  of  the 
furnace,  and  finally  delivered  into  a  steam  drum  C  com- 
pletely vaporised.  The  capacity  of  the  generator  is 
sufficient  for  effecting  a  few  strokes  of  the  engine  only, 


Fig.  69 


and  the  circulation  of  water  is  provided  for  by  the 
exhaust,  which  is  condensed  and  used  continuously. 
The  generator  is  heated  by  liquid  or  gaseous  fuel,  which 
with  the  water  is  supplied  by  a  combination  of  pumps  in 
predetermined  relative  proportions.  The  burners,  shown 
detached  in  section  by  Fig.  67,  consist  of  a  series  of 
perforated  tubes  D  into  which  the  fuel  is  forced  along 


MOTIVE    POWER.  93 

with  air  by  an  injector  D/,  of  which  the  fuel  admission 
valve  Y1  is  controlled  by  a  thcrmostatic  regulator.  The 
air  is  admitted  through  openings  in  the  casing  at  D4,  and 
the  fuel  after  passing  through  a  heat  vaporiser  is  forced 
through  the  injector  nozzle  D2  by  a  pump.  The  thermo- 
stat is  fixed  within  the  steam  drum  C,  and  consists  of  a 
closed  tube  £3  containing  a  suitable  liquid,  and  com- 
municating by  a  pipe  £3  with  a  diaphragm  zl.  The 
valve  Y1  is  operated  by  the  movements  of  the  diaphragm 
sl  against  a  coiled  or  spiral  spring. 

Barbe's  heater  is  shown  by  Fig.  69,  and  is  designed 
for  liquid  hydrocarbon  fuel  with  any  kind  of  generator 
having  a  large  heating  surface.  The  liquid  enters  by 
the  pipe  e  and  is  vaporised  at  the  centre  of  the  burner, 
and  passes  in  regular  quantities  through  the  injector  C, 
controlled  by  the  valve  v,  to  the  spiral  tubular  burner/ 
which  is  perforated.  A  lamp  or  any  suitable  device  is 
employed  for  igniting  the  jets. 

Internal  Combustion  Engines. — These  may  be 
defined  as  engines  in  which  the  liquid  hydrocarbon  is 
vaporised  within  the  engine,  the  supply  being  regulated 
with  a  corresponding  air  supply,  forming  an  explosive 
compound  when  ignited  by  an  electrical  high-tension 
spark  or  heated  tube.  Hydrocarbons  of  low-flashing 
points  are  preferable  in  point  of  economy,  but  there  are 
legal  restrictions  as  to  storage  and  transport  in  respect 
of  public  safety  generally  which  militate  against  their 
use.  From  the  heavier  petroleum  products  we  get  a 
wide  range  of  hydrocarbons,  as  the  following  table  will 
show,  the  normal  paraffins  being  specified. 


94 


AERIAL    NAVIGATION. 


Definition. 

Symbol  and 
Hoiling  Point. 

Nature. 

Methane    - 

CH4  Gaseous 

Gas. 

Ethane 

QJ"G       '  > 

Gas. 

Prophane  - 

C3H8       ,, 

Gas. 

Butane      -         -         - 

C4H10  i° 

Solvent  for  resins. 

Pentane     - 

CaH12  38° 

»>            »» 

Hexane     - 
Heptane    - 

C6H14  70° 
C7H]6  99° 

Illluminant  and 
motive  power. 

Octane      - 

C8TI18  124° 

Motive  power. 

Dodecane  - 

C12H26  202° 

Vaseline. 

Hecdecane 

C16II34  278° 

Paraffin  wax. 

Benzol,  C6H6,  is  obtained  either  synthetically  by  heat- 
ing acetylene,  C2H2,  to  nearly  a  red  heat,  or  by  the  de- 
structive distillation  of  coal.  Its  boiling  point  is  80.5°, 
and  it  is  frequently  used  as  a  liquid  fuel,  either  alone,  or 
in  combination  with  other  hydrocarbons. 

The  internal  combustion  oil  engine,  therefore,  takes 
the  liquid  hydrocarbon,  vaporises  it  by  heat,  mixes  the 
air,  compresses  and  ignites  for  an  impulse  to  be  given. 
There  are  many  kinds  of  vaporising  devices,  which  may 
be  distinguished  as — 

(a.)  Hydrocarbon  liquid  injected  into  a  reservoir 
chamber,  and  mixed  with  the  proper  air  supply  therein 
by  a  spray,  before  admission  into  the  cylinder. 

(b.)  Liquid  injected  into  a  small  chamber  with  part 
of  air  supply,  the  rest  of  air  entering  the  cylinder  by 


MOTIVE   POWER. 


95 


Fig.  70. 


96  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

another  valve.  Therefore  the  contents  of  the  vaporiser 
are  inexplosive  until  after  admission  to  the  cylinder. 

(c.)  The  same  as  (<?),  except  that  no  air-spraying 
nozzle  is  used. 

(d.)  The  liquid  is  injected  directly  to  the  combustion 
chamber,  and  there  vaporised,  and  air  is  drawn  in  by 
the  piston  through  a  separate  valve,  and  mixed  in 
compression. 

The  Hornsby-Akroyd  engine  is  constructed  upon 
this  principle,  and  although  in  practice  this  engine  gives 
excellent  results,  the  piston  area  is  relatively  large,  pro- 
bably by  reason  of  the  imperfect  admixture  of  gases. 

When  considering  the  calorific  values  of  liquid  hydro- 
carbons used  in  this  way,  we  must  note  that  in  the 
exhaust  a  volume  of  water  is  produced  by  the  union  of 
H  and  O,  according  to  the  weight  of  the  percentage  of 
hydrogen  in  the  mixture.  This  amounts  to  a  little  over 
I  Ib.  weight  of  water  per  pound  of  liquid  hydrocarbon. 
The  heat  thus  carried  away  must  be  deducted  from  the 
computation  of  the  thermal  value  of  the  fuel. 

There  are  many  light  motors  of  this  type  now  in  the 
market,  but  we  can  point  out  amongst  them  a  few  of 
the  best  adapted  for  the  purposes  of  aerial  navigation. 

The  Daimler  engine,  shown  in  section  by  Fig.  70,  is 
of  the  two-cylinder  vertical  type.  The  liquid  hydrocarbon 
is  forced  into  the  float  chamber  F  by  pressure  applied  to 
the  reservoirs  containing  it  in  bulk.  When  starting  the 
motor  the  air  is  pumped  into  the  reservoir,  but  after 
running  for  some  little  time,  a  part  of  the  exhaust  serves 
to  keep  up  .the  necessary  pressure.  Either  ignition  tubes 
heated  by  a  lamp  or  electric  spark  ignition  may  be  used. 

On  the  down-stroke  a  slight  vacuum  is  formed  in  the 
cylinder  A.  The  valve  E  is  held  in  place  by  a  spiral 
spring,  is  operated  automatically,  and  when  open  allows 
air  to  enter  through  the  grating  c  and  along  the  hori- 


MOTIVE   POWER. 


97 


Fig.  71. 


98  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

zontal  pipe  to  E,  and  by  thence  to  the  cylinder.  At  the 
same^time  the  liquid  hydrocarbon  is  sucked  through  the 
nozzle  at  H,  and  mingles  with  the  air  in  the  cylinder  to 
form  the  charge.  On  the  up-stroke  the  compressed  mix- 
ture is  ignited  at  C,  and  a  fresh  impulse  imparted  to  the 
piston  <7,  and  the  exhaust  released  by  the  exhaust  valve  at 
E  being  actuated  by  a  "  hit-or-miss  "  striker  worked  by  a 
cam  J.  The  cylinders  are  water-jacketed  at  B.  The  con- 
necting rods  b,  b'  and  crank  c  are  shown  in  position.  The 
Diesel  engine  is  an  improved  device,  since  the  charge  of 
hydrocarbon  is  not  introduced  until  the  full  charge  of  air 
has  been  compressed  sufficiently  in  the  cylinder,  so  as  to 
be  ignited  directly  the  addition  of  the  hydrocarbon  com- 
pletes the  mixture.  A  corresponding  test  of  a  20  H.P. 
Daimler  engine  by  M.  Holbert  and  20  H.P.  Diesel  engine 
by  Professor  Schorter  shows  the  relative  efficiencies. 

Daimler  20  H.P.  engine — Diameter  of  piston,  8.5  in.  ; 
stroke,  12  in. ;  speed,  200  ;  brake  horse-power,  16.9  ;  in- 
dicated horse-power,  24.8  ;  petrol,  .053  Ib.  per  I. H.P. 

Diesel  20  H.P.  engine — Diameter  of  piston,  9.8  in. ; 
stroke,  15.7  in.;  speed,  163  revs.;  brake  horse-power, 
18.84;  indicated  horse-power,  26.31;  consumption  of 
hydrocarbon  per  I.H.P.,  0.40  Ib. 

The  Keelcom  motor,  with  its  special  spray  carburettor, 
is  another  excellent  type  of  engine,  having  automatic 
action,  and  especially  adapted  for  aerial  navigation.  The 
motor  is  shown  in  section  by  Fig.  71,  and  the  carburettor 
by  Fig.  72. 

Referring  to  Fig.  71,  a  is  the  cylinder  attached  to  the 
neck  of  the  crank  chamber  b  by  screws  c.  The  crank 
chamber  b  is  made  in  two  parts,  and  held  together  by 
bolts.  The  piston  is  shown  by  ey  piston  rod  f  and  its 
fulcrum  g,  and  the  crank  pin  h.  The  cranks  and  fly- 
wheel discs  i  are  secured  to  the  crank  shaft  j  by  nuts 
y1  and  locking  plate/2.  On  one  end  of  the  crank  shaft 


MOTIVE    POWER. 


99 


j  the  driving  pulley  /  is  fixed  by  a  key  and  nut  m,  the 
other  end  of  the  shaft  carrying  a  pinion  n  gearing  with 
a  wheel  o  of  the  half-speed  gear  of  the  ignition  device. 
To  the  wheel  o  is  fixed  a  cam  p,  operating  the  stems  q 
and  r  of  the  exhaust  valve.  The  combustion  chamber  s 
contains  the  inlet  valve  t  and  exhaust  valve  ?/,  v  being 
the  spiral  spring  controlling  the  exhaust  valve.  The 
inlet  port  is  shown  by  w,  and  x  is  the  combustion  port 
to  the  cylinder.  On  the  outer  end  of  the  shaft  carrying 


Fig.  72. 

the  half-speed  gear  wheel  o  is  fixed  a  cam  y  which 
operates  the  contact  breaker  z  forming  part  of  the 
electrical  ignition  z1.  The  carburettor  is  shown  in 
section  by  Fig.  J2.  A  float  chamber  a  contains  a  float 
b,  through  which  passes  the  needle  valve  c,  the  latter 
being  held  off  its  seat  by  the  counterbalances  d.  The 
petrol  inlet  d1  is  covered  by  the  wire  gauze  strainer  *?, 
and /is  the  spraying  nozzle,^  the  atomising  cone,  h  the 
mixing  chamber,  i  the  hot-air  inlet,/  the  suction  regu- 


IOO  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

lating  port,  and  k  the  connecting  neck,  /  being  a  nozzle 
and  cap  for  cleansing  purposes. 

These  engines  are  compact,  and  work  well  and 
economically  at  high  rates  of  speed,  but  as  yet  no 
certified  test  has  been  made.  The  choice  of  a  suitable 
motor  depends  upon  lightness  relatively  to  power,  and 
the  comparative  weight  of  fuel  to  last  a  reasonable  time. 

Electrical  Motive  Power.  —  There  are  scores  of 
light  motors  of  high  efficiency  especially  adapted  to 
aerial  propulsion,  but  the  storage  of  electrical  energy  is 
up  to  the  present  time  prohibitive  on  account  of  the 
great  weight  to  be  carried,  and  the  absence  of  con- 
venience for  re-charging  except  at  certain  places,  unless 
accumulators  of  sufficient  capacity  for  an  out-and-home 
charge  are  provided.  This  may  be  obviated  if  a  system 
of  aerial  navigation  was  once  established,  because  every 
city  or  town  of  any  importance  would  have  a  special 
charging  station.  It  must  be  remembered  as  a  set-off 
to  the  weight  of  the  accumulators  that  no  intermediate 
gearing  is  required  between  the  electric  motor  and  its 
work,  since  the  propellers  may  be  proportioned  to  the 
speed,  and  this  again  regulated  within  certain  limits 
according  to  the  design  and  winding  of  the  motor. 

In  calculating  electrical  power  we  take  E  to  be  the 
potential  or  electro-motive  force,  and  C  the  current  or 
flow  in  amperes,  using  simple  phraseology.  Then 

EXC  =  W 

where   W   means   work   or   electrical    energy   in    watts. 
Then 

=  E.H.P.  (electrical  horse-power). 

746 

Assuming  then  that  10  E.H.P.  is  required  for  five  hours, 
say  at  an  E.M.F.  of  120  volts  and  62  amperes. 

10  E  H  P  = I20Ex62C  =  746Q 
746  "   746 


MOTIVE   POWER.  IOI 

Then  as  each  accumulator  cell  is  equal  to  2  volts,  60 
cells  of  the  lightest  pattern  are  required,  and  these 
weigh,  inclusive  of  the  electrolyte  (sulphuric  acid  diluted 
I  to  11),  68  Ibs.  each,  or  4,080  Ibs.  or  2  tons  with 
accessories,  and  with  19  plates  will  give  a  discharge  of 
300  ampere  hours.  Compare  this  with  the  steam  or 
hydrocarbon  engine,  taking  a  mean  of  the  former  at 
0.9  Ib.  per  horse-power  per  hour,  and  O.8  Ib.  per  horse- 
power per  hour  for  the  latter.  When  an  efficient  sub- 
stitute for  lead  of  much  less  weight  is  found  to  produce 
the  same  storage  effect  by  electrolysis,  electricity  will 
be  found  to  be  the  form  of  energy  best  suited  to  air 
propulsion,  but  no  advance  in  that  direction  has  hitherto 
been  successful. 

But  in  cases  where  several  propelling  shafts  are  to 
be  driven  by  the  prime  motor  or  engine,  and  these  have 
their  axes  arranged  in  several  planes,  no  more  efficient 
intermediate  gear  can  be  devised  than  a  dynamo 
generator  driven  by  the  engine  shaft,  and  operating 
motors  to  rotate  each  propeller  independently.  In  this 
respect,  light,  compact,  and  efficient  propelling  mechanism 
may  be  made  by  the  proper  utilisation  of  electrical 
energy. 


CHAPTER  VII. 
STRUCTURE   OF  AIR-SHIPS  AND   MATERIALS. 

WHEN  we  review  the  march  of  scientific  knowledge 
and  practical  development  that  renders  the  elements 
subservient  to  advancing  civilisation,  we  cannot  see  a 
single  instance  in  everyday  life  that  has  not  been  built 
up  of  failures.  The  fast  express  trains,  ocean  grey- 
hounds, telephony,  telegraphic  systems,  and  the  thousand 
and  one  improvements  that  contribute  to  our  daily  wants, 
owe  their  origin  not  to  one,  but  to  many  inventors. 
Some  are  in  advance  of  the  time  for  the  actual  demand, 
others  fail,  others  concentrate  all  their  mental  energy 
on  this  failure,  and  master  it,  to  fail  in  some  other 
point.  And  so  the  wheel  of  time  rolls  on  ;  new  brains 
with  better  auxiliary  appliances  come  upon  the  scene, 
and  at  last  man  is  the  conqueror,  and  the  result  is  then 
merely  competitive  as  to  details  and  efficiencies,  the 
basis  of  success  being  attained.  The  inventors  who, 
if  they  failed  individually,  contributed  to  the  grand 
attainment  collectively,  their  names  are  recorded  in 
sand.  We  have  reached  a  stage  now  in  aerial  naviga- 
tion in  which  engineering  skill  and  forethought  can 
suggest  the.  best  structure  for  lightness  and  strength,  and 
more  especially  the  materials  best  suited  to  the  purpose. 
Models. — Working  models  are  delusive  unless  they 
are  made  for  a  practical  purpose  in  a  practical  manner. 
Of  what  use  would  a  model  of  an  automobile  omnibus 
car  be  if  made  exactly  to  scale  and  about  the  size  of  an 


STRUCTURE   OF   AIR-SHIPS.  103 

automotor  tricycle.  The  true  demonstration  would 
be  to  build  the  tricycle  as  a  tricycle,  and  suitably  equip 
it  as  such.  Suppose  a  model  was  made  of  a  large  ocean 
liner  600  ft.  long  upon  a  scale  of  -J  in.  to  the  foot,  say 
-fsth  full  size,  and  to  demonstrate  by  that  model  what 
could  be  done  upon  a  larger  scale.  Here  the  model 
would  be  12.6  ft.  in  length,  1.9  ft.  midship  beam,  with 
a  depth  of  2  ft.  Here  the  low-pressure  cylinder  of  one 
of  the  twin  screw  engines  would  be  2.75  in.  in  diameter, 
and  the  high-pressure  cylinder  0.87  in.,  and  the  boilers 
and  fuel  spaces  equally  useless,  although  strictly  to  scale. 
Would  it  not  be  better  to  consider  the  model  as  a  launch, 
engine  it  as  such,  and  demonstrate  it  as  a  successful 
launch,  but  not  as  a  sample  of  what  an  ocean  liner  forty- 
eight  times  its  size  should  be.  Asa  matter  of  fact,  the 
ocean  liner  is  far  more  efficient  than  a  small  launch 
could  be. 

The  waste  and  leakage  incidental  to  machinery  and 
friction  do  not  increase  proportionately  to  the  size  and 
power.  Therefore,  if  an  air-ship  be  made  to  carry  two 
persons,  it  should  be  clearly  understood  that  the  calibre 
and  structure  are  suited  to  such  a  load,  but  a  ship  to 
carry  one  hundred  persons  would  be  a  specially  con- 
structed apparatus,  not  following  the  lines  of  the  first 
with  proportionate  dimensions.  Let  the  demonstration 
be  regarding  the  model,  if  so  considered,  that  two  persons 
can  be  carried  by  vertical  and  horizontal  propulsion 
through  the  air  at  a  certain  speed,  and  it  is  fair  to 
suppose  that  a  more  efficient  apparatus  may  carry  one 
hundred  persons,  the  whole  structure  being  designed 
with  that  object  alone. 

An  automobile  car  may  be  correctly  defined  as  a 
substitute  for  animal  power  for  drawing  loads  and 
passengers.  It  is,  however,  obvious  to  the  merest  tyro 
that  to  adapt  the  mechanical  power  derived  from  the 


104  AERIAL   NAVIGATION 

motor  to  a  set  of  artificial  legs  is  not  to  efficiently  carry 
out  the  required  object.  Therefore  our  substitute  takes 
the  form  of  wheels  mechanically  driven  from  the  axis. 
A  continuous  rolling  motion  is  sustained  by  the  motive 
power,  resulting  in  progression  upon  the  surface  of  the 
ground  against  the  resistances  of  a  load  and  of  traction, 
in  contradistinction  to  the  pedaneous  movement  of 
animals.  No  analogy  can  be  instituted  between  these 
mechanical  functions,  except  in  that  the  same  duties 
are  fulfilled  in  both  cases.  Again,  the  propulsion  of  a 


ship  is  in  no  way  analogous  to  the  invisible  darting 
movements  of  the  bonito  or  the  dolphin.  We  do  not 
intend  to  assert  that  wings  are  not  suitable  to  the 
mechanical  movements  derived  from  motors,  but  that 
such  a  mode  of  artificial  flight  must,  to  be  effective,  be 
supplemented  by  the  screw  propeller.  Some  engineers 
have  pronounced  against  the  possible  use  of  wings  upon 
the  grounds  that  the  strains  and  stresses  set  up  by  un- 
balanced forces  in  the  application  of  sufficient  power 
to  effectively  act  upon  the  comparatively  large  surface 


STRUCTURE   OF  AIR-SHIPS.  105 

would  prove  immediately  destructive  to  the  apparatus. 
A  reference  to  Fig.  73  shows  that  the  forces  need  not 
be  unbalanced  if  the  vertical  motion  is  produced  and 
sustained  by  the  wings,  partly  flapping,  and  partly  as 
an  aeroplane,  the  horizontal  progression  depending  upon 
a  propeller  or  propellers. 

Let  w,  wl  be  the  wings,  jointed  at  the  fulcrums  x,  x\ 
and  p  a  pinion  driven  directly  by  the  motor,  and  gearing 
with  two  spur  wheels  s,  S1  of  equal  diameter,  c,  cl  is  a  pair 
of  opposite  cranks  on  S,  and  d,  dl  a  similar  pair  on  S1,  the 
latter  effecting  the  downward  stroke,  and  that  of  S  the 
corresponding  upward  stroke.  The  wings  are  linked  to 
the  connecting  rods  r^  rl,  r2,  r3  by  means  of  plate  links  /,  /\ 
and  the  surfaces  are  plain  or  may  be  valvular,  opening 
upon  the  up-stroke  and  closing  upon  the  down-stroke. 
As  a  lifting  and  soaring  mechanism  this  has  a  greater 
efficiency  per  square  foot  per  H.P.  than  a  rotating 
propeller  or  set  of  propellers,  yet  for  horizontal  pro- 
pulsion the  latter  is  without  doubt  the  best  mode  of 
utilising  power. 

Adverting  to  the  subject  of  sensitive  equilibrium,  it  is 
obvious  that  a  large  air-ship  is  less  sensitive  than  one  of 
smaller  calibre,  in  the  same  degree  as  an  eight-oared 
outrigger  is  to  a  yacht.  The  control  is  not  necessarily 
anticipatory,  it  becomes  a  method  of  steering,  and  can 
be  automatically  effected  by  a  suitable  gyrostat.  Also 
while  an  aerostat  forms  part  of  an  air-ship,  the  equilibrium 
is  more  easily  maintained. 

The  aerostat,  without  departing  from  the  range  of 
foresight  incidental  to  common-sense,  will  not  eventually 
form  any  part  of  the  structure  of  the  practical  air-ship. 
The  want  of  confidence  in  entrusting  life  and  property  to 
suspension  in  an  unstable  element  by  reliance  upon  the 
fallibility  of  mechanism  will  keep  the  aerostat  for  some 
time  until  security  is  assured,  and  the  contempt  born  of 


io6 


AKRIAL    NAVIGATION. 


familiarity  prevails.  It  will  not  disappear  at  first,  but 
will  be  used  to  render  the  comparatively  heavy  structure 
more  buoyant,  and  so  will  die  away  by  degrees,  unless 
used  for  towage,  and  the  flotation  of  loads. 

The  steering  of  an  air-ship  is  an  important  feature 
bearing  upon  its  general  structure.  The  steering  has 
not  only  to  be  operated  from  side  to  side,  but  also  up- 


Fig. 74. 


wards  or  downwards.  The  only  effective  rudder  is 
shown  by  Fig.  74  in  plan  and  cross  section,  x  being  a 
gimbal  fulcrum,  and  the  dotted  outlines  the  directions  of 
motion. 

The  area  of  each  plane  should  be  one-third  that  of  the 
total  area  of  the  ship.  The  steering  may  be  better  con- 
trolled by  small  electro-motors  operating  worms  or  endless 


STRUCTURE   OF   AIR-SHIPS. 


IO/ 


screws  and  toothed  quadrants,  the  current  being  derived 
from  a  small  dynamo-generator  driven  from  the  shaft 
of  one  of  the  propelling  motors.  A  pair  of  two-way 
switches  may  thus  constitute  the  steering  board,  upon 
which  will  also  be  fixed  the  aneroid  barometer,  mag- 
netic shielded  compass,  thermometer,  hygrometer,  and 
clinometer. 

Sir  Hiram  Maxim  has  adopted  such  a  pair  of  rudders 
to  one  of  his  recent  aeroplanes,  Fig.  75,  which  it  may  not 
be  out  of  place  to  describe  fully  in  connection  with  the 
tail  vanes  or  rudders  B.  The  frame  is  built  up  of  two 
main  side  trusses  a,  a1,  <?2,  <23,  a*,  and  the  framework  is  also 


Fy.75 


provided  with  tubular  struts,  braces,  and  guys,  and  a1 
and  a3  are  extended  above  <74  so  as  to  allow  of  the 
suspension  of  pivoted  auxiliary  wings  or  vanes,  as  at  a5. 
Longitudinal  stays  or  wires  support  the  main  aero- 
plane D.  Tail  vanes  or  rudders  B  are  pivoted  at  each 
end  of  rt4,  and  tied  together  by  crossed  wires  /;,  and 
are  operated  from  the  platform  by  cords  and  winch, 
or  a  piston  and  cylinder.  Means  are  provided  for  the 
adjustment  of  the  inclination  of  the  aeroplane.  Two 
screw  propellers  of  light  and  elastic  formation,  e,  are 
driven  by  twin  engines  operated  by  pressure  derived 
from  a  steam  generator  g  of  peculiar  construction.  The 


108  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

medium  is  the  vapour  of  gasoline  or  other  easily  volatil- 
ised fluid,  which  may  be  condensed  after  exhaustion  by 
the  exposure  of  the  surface  of  the  tubular  framework  to 
the  atmosphere,  from  which  it  is  returned  to  the  generator 
by  the  feed  pumps.  The  platform  or  car  is  supported 
by  wheels  when  upon  the  ground  to  facilitate  the  ascent 
and  descent. 

Having  thus  considered  as  far  as  possible  the  general 
details,  we  may  deal  with  the  structure  of  any  air-ship, 
taking  the  suitable  materials  and  application  of  them  in 
due  order. 

Framework. — We  see,  since  the  adoption  by  the 
public  of  cycles  and  autocars  to  such  an  extent  as  to 
create  a  separate  branch  of  manufacture,  that  tubular 
frames  have  reached  the  highest  point  of  efficiency, 
which  is  the  attainment  of  the  maximum  of  strength 
with  the  minimum  of  weight. 

The  "  modulus  of  rupture"  is  eighteen  times  the  load 
that  is  required  to  break  a  bar  I  in.  square  cross  section, 
supported  at  points  I  ft.  apart  and  loaded  in  the  centre, 
and  the  following  table  gives  the  values  in  tons  per 
square  inch,  according  to  Rankine  and  Clark's  tests  : — 


TIT-...  •  i  Modulus  Tons 

per  Square  Inch. 

Steel  tube 20  to  28 

Wrought-iron  bar       ....  20  to  21 

Riveted  tubes,  plate  iron   -  13  to  15 

Plate  beams       -         -  18  to  20 

Cast-iron  bar 13  to  15 

Cast-iron  tube n  to  12 

Wood — Red  pine       ...  3  to    4 

Spruce  fir 4  to    5 

Larch  -  2  to    4 

Saul      -         ...  7  to  10 

Teak 6  to    9 


STRUCTURE   OF   AIR-SHIPS. 


I09 


B 


Fig.  76a. 


110 


AERIAL    NAVIGATION. 


And  the  corresponding  weights  of  drawn  steel  tube, 
suitable  for  framework,  are  here  tabulated  according  to 
pounds  per  lineal  foot  per  gauge  : — 


THICKNESS  OF  METAL  IN  PARTS  OK  AN  "INCH. 

Bore  in 

Inches. 

* 

* 

i 

n 
Ttf 

1 

* 

1 

A 

4 

i 

.098 

.21 

•  5 

•9 

1-3 

1.9 

2-5 

3-1 

3-9 

i 

.118 

•3 

•  7 

i.i 

1.6 

2-3 

2.9 

3-8 

4.6 

i 

.I78 

•4 

•83 

1.4 

2.O 

2-7 

3-5 

4-3 

5-3 

i 

.46 

i.i 

1.6 

2-3 

3-1 

3-9 

4-9 

5-9 

1 

•54 

1.2 

1.9 

2.6 

3-5 

4-5 

5-5 

6.6 

i 

... 

•7 

i-5 

2.4 

3-3 

4-3 

5-5 

6.7 

7-9 

•I 

.87 

1.8 

2.9 

3-9 

5-2 

6.4 

7.8 

9-3 

•I 

I.O 

2.1 

3-3 

4-7 

5-9 

7-4 

8.9 

10.6 

2.O 

1.4 

2.8 

4-3 

5-9 

7.6 

9-5 

U.3 

13.2 

In  polygonal  framing,  in  order  to  determine  the 
character  of  any  strain,  we  will  suppose  AB  and  AC  (Fig. 
76)  to  be  any  two  bars  of  a  frame.  Produce  the  lines  AB, 
AC,  to  D  and  E.  Let  a  represent  the  direction  of  the  load  if 
it  passes  in  any  direction  between  B  and  C,  or  b  if  it  passes 
in  any  direction  between  D  and  E,  c  if  between  E  and  C, 
or  d  if  between  B  and  D.  Then  a  will  be  in  compression 
on  AB  and  on  AC,  and  b  will  be  in  tension  on  AB  and  AC,  c 
will  be  in  tension  on  AB  and  in  compression  on  AC,  while 
d  is  in  compression  on  AB  and  in  tension  on  AC.  The  re- 
sultant strains  may  then  be  computed  in  numerical  value 
by  constructing  a  parallelogram  of  forces,  as  Fig.  j6a. 

Let  AB  and  BD  be  two  forces,  strains,  or  loads,  be 
measured  off  to  any  scale  according  to  the  known  value, 


STRUCTURE   OF   AIR-SHIPS. 


and  the  direction  in  which  they  tend.  Join  DC  and  AC 
parallel  to  AB,  BD.  The  diagonal  BC  then  represents  the 
resultant,  in  direction  and  value  when  scaled  off  corre- 
sponding with  AB,  BD. 

Castings. — For  lightness  and  strength  all  joints  for 
framework  should  be  made  of  one  of  the  aluminium 
alloys  of  either  of  the  following  grades  :* — 


Composition  per  cent. 

Strength, 

Elongation 

Tensile,  per  sq.  in. 

per  cent. 

Aluminium. 

Copper. 

Zinc. 

5.8 

67.4 

26.8 

95-712 

I 

3-3 

63-3 

33-3 

85.867 

7.6 

3-o 

67.0 

30.0 

67-34I 

12.5 

i-5 

77-5 

21.  0 

32.356 

41.7 

i.S 

71.0 

27-5 

41.952 

27.0 

1.25 

70.0 

28.0 

35-059 

25-0 

2-5 

70.0 

27-5 

40.982 

28.0 

I.O 

57-0 

42.0 

68.218 

2.0 

i.  IS 

55-8 

48.0 

69.520 

4.0 

*  A  binary  aluminium  alloy  containing  7.5  per  cent,  of  tungsten 
has  recently  been  put  on  the  market,  gives  a  tensile  strength  of 
15  tons  per  square  inch,  the  specific  gravity  being  5.58.  A  tern- 
ary alloy,  Wolframinium^  contains  98  per  cent,  aluminium,  i  per 
cent,  tungsten,  and  i  per  cent,  copper ;  specific  gravity  2.74, 
tensile  strength  wrought  15  tons  per  square  inch,  cast  in  chills 
12  tons,  rolled  or  drawn  22  tons.  Romaniutn  contains  i  per  cent, 
tungsten,  i  per  cent,  nickel,  and  the  specific  gravity  is  2.75.  It  is 
harder  and  possesses  greater  elasticity  than  the  former  alloys,  and 
takes  tooling  better  than  Heroult  aluminium. 

Magnalium. — This  is  an  aluminium-magnesium-antimony  alloy, 
tensile  strength  14  tons  per  square  inch,  specific  gravity  2.52  +  0.03. 
It  may  readily  be  integrally  joined  by  soldering  or  semifusion, 
analogous  to  welding,  and  is  in  great  demand  in  Germany  in  auto- 
mobile car  frames. 


112  AERIAL    NAVIGATION. 

The  first  composition  shows  the  best  result,  and 
its  weight  per  cubic  inch  is  0.2873  Ib.  In  casting  it 
flows  well,  and  gives  a  sharp  clean  casting,  and  is 
best  made  by  adding  the  aluminium  to  the  copper 
after  the  zinc  has  thoroughly  melted  and  combined 
with  it. 

Aluminium  solders  may  be  made  by  melting  20  parts 
of  aluminium  and  adding  80  parts  of  zinc,  and  when 
both  are  mingled  add  some  Russian  tallow,  stir  with  an 
iron  rod  before  casting  into  sticks.  The  flux  is  3  parts 
copaiba  balsam,  I  part  Venice  turpentine,  and  half  a 
teaspoonful  of  lemon  juice. 

For  blow-pipe  soldering  the  following  is  the  best 
composition : — 

Aluminium  -  20  parts 

Copper  -  10     „ 

Tin  -       60     „ 

Silver     -  -       10     „ 

Zinc  30     „ 

Bearings. — The  most  important  bearings  are  the 
thrust  bearings  of  the  propeller  shaft.  These  should  be 
made  so  as  to  run  in  an  oil  bath,  and  have  thin  radiator 
plates  cast  around  it  to  dissipate  the  heat  generated 
by  friction.  If  the  thrust  be  upwards,  as  in  vertical 
propulsion,  the  outer  shell  of  the  jacketed  casting 
should  be  cast  with  lugs  on  it  to  which  may  be  attached 
the  carrying  stays,  strong  spiral  springs  being  interposed 
to  prevent  excessive  vibration,  and  to  neutralise  shocks. 
A  guard  plate  with  a  collar  on  the  shaft  should  be  added 
above  the  thrust  bearing,  with  separate  stays  to  prevent 
accidents  if  the  thrust  should  give  way.  The  pressure 
on  the  thrust  bearings  may  be  estimated  at  60  Ibs.  per 
square  inch. 


STRUCTURE   OF   AIR-SHIPS.  113 

The  external  diameter  of  the  collars  should  be  as 
D  +  D  0.23,  and  the  number  of  collars  proportioned 
directly  to  the  load  W  in  pounds,  A  being  the  total 
bearing  contact  area  of  the  collars. 

A  —  —  and  —  =  area  of 
60         n 

one  collar,  ;/  being  the  number. 

The  ordinary  high-speed  engine  bearings  have  a 
pressure  of  200  Ibs.  per  square  inch,  and  the  length 
should  be  04.3  to  D6  for  shafts  from  2  to  ij  in. 
diameter,  and  D  3  as  a  standard  from  3  in.  diameter 
upwards. 

Shafting. — The  diameter  of  mild  steel  shafting  in 
inches  is  calculated  from 


revolutions  per  minute.  This  formula  shows  that  the 
greater  the  velocity,  the  less  torsional  strain  is  imposed, 
and  hollow  shafts  resist  torsion  better  than  solid  ones  of 
the  same  area.  The  weight  w  in  pounds  per  lineal  foot  is 

w  =  D2x  2.647 
and  for  hollow  shafts  the  lesser  diameter  is  deducted — 

W  =  D2  X  2.647  —  d*  X  2.647. 

The  distance  between  bearings  where  no  work  is 
taken  off  the  shaft,  b  being  in  feet — 

&=S  3  \/°2  (Din  inches). 

Wire  Stays. — Wire  rope  and  single  strand  stays 
are  best  made  of  Delta  metal,  No.  I  alloy,  since  by  the 
following  comparison  the  tenacity  is  good  according  to 


114  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

test,  and  since  a  smaller  diameter  may  be  used  to  resist 
a  greater  strain  than  is  the  case  with  iron  or  steel  wire, 
with  the  further  advantage  of  being  non-corrosive  under 
atmospheric  changes,  it  may  be  used  for  aeroplane,  wing, 
and  rudder  rigging. 

A  comparative  table  gives  the  tenacity  in  tons  per 
square  inch  : — 

M      ,  Tenacity  in  Tons 

per  Square  Inch. 

Delta  metal,  No.  i  48 

Delta  metal,  No.  2  41 

Manganese  steel    -  -         38 

Nickel  steel  34 

Aluminium,  I  per  cent,  bronze  35 


The  weight  of  Delta  metal  is  0.3236  Ib.  per  cubic 
inch,  therefore  the  weight  is 

D2  x  9.24  x  0.3236  =  w  in  pounds. 

Wood. — In  the  construction  of  air-ships  a  certain 
quantity  and  quality  of  wood  must  be  used,  and  there 
are  various  kinds  suitable  for  special  purposes,  among 
which  we  may  instance  : — 

Ash,  for  elasticity,  but  not  good  for  weather  alterna- 
tions. American  varieties  are  best. 

Beech. — The  white  variety  admits  of  thin  division. 
Wych  Elm. — Especially  suitable  for  steam  bending. 

Rock  Elm  (American). — Closer  grain,  and  better  to 
work. 

Oak. — Durable  in  exposure  to  weather ;  light,  hard 
grain,  but  works  well.  On  account  of  the  tannin  con- 
tained, it  must  not  be  used  in  contact  with  iron. 

Plane  (Sycamore}. — Works  well,  very  durable. 


STRUCTURE   OF  AIR-SHIPS. 


Willow. — Suitable  for  friction  pieces — brake  blocks, 
sheaves,  &c. ;  the  weight  per  cubic  foot  being  given  in 
order  to  facilitate  calculation. 


WOOD. 

Specific 
Gravity. 

Pounds  per 
Cubic  Foot. 

Ash 

800 

50 

Beech  - 

690 

43.12 

Wych  elm    - 

570 

35-62 

Rock  elm     - 

67I 

41-93 

Oak 

872 

54-5 

Plane  - 

623 

38.93 

Willow 

486 

30-37 

Aeroplanes  and  Aerocurves. — When  these  are  made 
of  fabric,  yacht  duck  may  be  employed  if  a  broad  mesh 
about  8  in.  pitch  of  No.  18  S.W.G.  Delta  metal  wire  is 
used  on  the  back  surface  against  the  pressure.  The  ends 
of  the  mesh  should  be  twisted  and  soldered  around  the 
bolt  ropes  or  wires  forming  the  hemmed  edges.  The 
weight  of  a  square  foot  of  undressed  duck  canvas  is 
.0512  lb.,  and  fine  sail  canvas  is  .0678  Ib.  per  square  foot ; 
pegamoid,  .1032  lb.  per  square  foot;  sylamoid  (deterio- 
rates rapidly  when  subjected  to  heat),  .0785  lb.  per  square 
foot  For  gas  envelopes  undressed  Tussore  silk  weighs 
.0175  lb.  per  square  foot,  dressed  .048  lb.  Urtalaine,  a 
fabric  made  of  Rhea  fibre,  similar  to  silk,  but  weight  for 
weight  of  less  tenacity,  .03986  lb.  per  square  foot  dressed. 
Calico,  dressed,  .0598  lb.  per  square  foot. 

If  sheet   metal,   such   as   aluminium,   be   used,   the 


i6 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


following    table   gives    the    weight  per   square   foot    in 
pounds,  relatively  to  the  gauge : — 


B.W.G. 

Thickness, 
Inches. 

Pounds  per 
Square  Foot. 

B.W.G. 

Thickness, 
Inches. 

Pounds  per 
Square  Foot. 

28 

.015 

.20 

22 

.029 

•39 

27 

.018 

.24 

20 

•035 

•47 

26 

.020 

.27 

18 

.048 

.68 

25 

.O2I 

.28 

16 

TV 

•83 

24 

.025 

•33 

14 

.080 

1.07 

23 

.028 

•34 

12 

.109 

1.49 

From  the  data  given  as  to  suitable  materials,  strength 
and  weight,  with  a  reasonable  design  in  view  which 
may  be  practically  applied,  an  air-ship  may  be  con- 
structed, always  bearing  in  mind  that  the  dimensions 
requisite  in  order  to  successfully  carry  I  tori  are  not  to 
be  considered  as  a  unit  that  has  but  to  be  doubled  in 
every  particular  in  order  to  carry  2  tons,  and  the  same 
reservation  equally  applies  to  velocities.  And  hitherto 
we  have  presumed  a  still  atmosphere,  but  the  structure 
should  be  designed  and  proportioned  to  withstand  the 
strains  and  stresses  imposed  by  a  gale  of  wind,  plus  the 
contained  power  to  sustain  a  reasonable  speed  under  the 
circumstances. 

This  points  at  once  to  the  greater  efficiency  to  be 
attained  by  air-ships  of  greater  calibre,  relatively  to  the 
best  work  of  the  one  or  two  passenger  air-yachts. 


CHAPTER    VIII. 
AIR-SHIPS. 

IN  this  chapter  we  propose  to  treat  of  air-ships  as 
combinations  of  aerostat,  aeroplane,  and  propelling 
apparatus,  dealing  with  all  the  best  experimental  types 
categorically  without  reference  to  the  merits  of  each. 

It   is,  however,  worthy  of  remark,  tnat    Mr  J.   M. 
Partridge  in  1847  invented  and  made  an  air-ship  which 


he  termed  "  Pneumadrome,"  and  made  several  successful 
flights,  the  steering,  however,  being  imperfect.  Many 
valuable  points  of  his  invention  have  lain  dormant  for 
fifty-five  years,  to  be  resuscitated  as  chief  and  prominent 
features  in  our  latest  practical  development  of  aerial 
navigation.  Partridge,  however,  had  neither  oil  engines, 
aluminium,  nor  pure  hydrogen  available  in  his  day.  This 
air-ship  is  shown  by  Fig.  77. 


Il8  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

The  aerostat  A  is  formed  upon  a  light  frame  consist- 
ing of  rings,  held  together  by  longitudinal  bars  c,  and 
trussed  to  equalise  the  strain.  The  fabric  was  drill 
canvas,  treated  with  caoutchouc  in  solution,  and  weighed 
i  Ib.  per  square  yard.  An  internal  air-bag  or  envelope  B 
was  controlled  by  a  valve  and  pump  e  in  connection  with 
the  generator  f.  A  head  sail  i  and  stern  sails  h,  h'  had 
braces  and  halliards  for  steering.  The  car  C  contains  the 
motors,  and  the  apparatus  was  driven  by  three  propellers 
g,  of  which  only  two  are  visible.  The  body  of  the 
aerostat  was  covered  by  a  light  wire  netting,  in  addition 
to  that  carrying  the  car,  and  the  sails  /z,  h'  acted  as  aero- 
planes as  well  as  for  steering  purposes.  The  air-chamber 
B  fully  compensated  the  variations  of  gas  volume  and 
pressure  in  A,  and  this,  with  other  parts  of  the  structure, 
have  been  utilised  in  later  machines. 

Folacci  and  Bertius'  air-ship  is  shown  by  Fig.  78,  in 
which  the  aerostat  a  is  provided  with  a  deep  under-hung 
keel  d  in  which  horizontal  propelling  screws  e  revolve  in 
casings.  A  rudder  m  has  a  cased  propeller  A,  and  a  tail 
rudder  i  has  another  cased  fan  //,  and  both  rudders  may 
be  moved  laterally  to  effect  horizontal  steering.  The 
mechanism  is  driven  by  a  motor  in  the  car  g. 

Fig.  79  illustrates  Falconnet's  air-ship,  in  which  two 
hollow  cones  A,  A  abut  against  an  intervening  cylinder  B, 
the  whole  constructed  on  one  frame  of  steel  tubing, 
strengthened  and  stayed  by  double  braced  trussing  c' y  d , 
ties  g,  and  stanchions'  e.  The  shell  of  the  aerostat  is 
made  of  very  thin  metal,  or  fabric  rendered  impervious 
to  gas  and  water,  and  is  divided  by  partitions  into  sub- 
sections a,  having  manholes,  gas  supply,  and  exhaust 
pipes  with  stopcocks  arranged  for  filling  or  exhausting 
any  of  the  chambers  independently.  The  double  truss- 
ing d'  forms  the  roof  of,  and  supports  the  engine-room 
and  cabin  ky  which  is  partly  within  and  partly  extends 


AIR-SHIPS. 


119 


120  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

below  the  structure  of  the  air-ship.  A  chimney  s  is  pro- 
vided to  carry  off  the  products  of  combustion  and  foul 
air  from  a  vertical  uptake  /.  The  cabin  is  formed  with 
sharp  ends  to  reduce  resistance,  and  also  has  suitable 
doors  and  windows.  Horizontal  longitudinal  shafts 
carry  propellers  ny  with  an  after  propeller  ;;/  which  may 
be  moved  by  universal  joints  in  any  direction  for  steer- 
ing, and  effecting  horizontal  or  vertical  deviations  in  the 
direction  of  flight,  the  brackets  /  being  properly  con- 
structed for  this  purpose,  the  dotted  outline  h  showing 
such  deviation. 


Fig.  80 


The  Hilfreich  air-ship  (Fig.  80)  is  shown  in  plan,  and 
the  aerostat  a  is  elliptical  in  shape,  and  supports  two 
cars  b,  b'  connected  by  a  transverse  gangway  (not  shown). 
It  is  propelled  by  two  feathering  paddles  e>e'  which  afford 
the  horizontal  propulsion,  and  two  screw  propellers  j,  / 
effect  the  vertical  movement.  Steering  is  performed  by 
a  movable  vane  or  fin  fy  and  the  mechanism  is  driven 
by  an  internal  combustion  engine. 

Molesworth-Hepworth's  air-ship  is  shown  by  Fig.  8 1, 
in  which  the  aerostat  A,  having  pointed  ends  B,  is  divided 
into  compartments  by  divisions  C  in  which  are  separate 
gas-bags  D,  with  independent  inflating  and  deflating 


AIR-SHIPS. 


121 


appliances.  A  longitudinal  bar  E  supports  an  aero- 
plane H,  itself  being  supported  by  rigging  C  from  the 
aerostat  A.  The  car  I  is  supported  by  and  below  the 
bar  E,  and  forms  the  centre  of  buoyancy  of  the  air-ship, 
the  supporting  bars  K  being  rigid,  except  for  horizontal 
angular  deviation  by  means  of  the  ropes  M,  by  means  of 
a  quadrant  or  bell  crank  lever  N  or  a  windlass.  One  or 
more  propellers  O  are  driven  by  the  motor  through 


gearing  R,  these  propellers  having  stiff  leading  edges  and 
elastic  or  flexible  rear  ones.  The  buoyancy  of  the  aero- 
stat A  is  controlled  by  varying  the  pressure  of  air  in  the 
intervening  spaces  between  the  gas-bags  D  by  means  of 
a  pump  U,  and  flexible  pipe  S,  with  a  suitable  liberating 
valve.  A  rudder  is  shown  in  dotted  outline. 

De  Bausset's  air-ship  is  shown  with  the  aerostat  in 
section  by  Fig.  82.  The  aerostat  A  is  built  up  of  steel  or 
thin  metal  plates,  with  internal  bands  and  cross  ties  to 


122 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


strengthen  the  structure.  Conical  ends  o  are  provided 
which  are  normally  held  in  position  by  the  external 
atmospheric  pressure,  since  the  inside  of  A  is  partially 
exhausted,  spiral  springs  in  tension  tending  to  open 


Fig.  82. 

O  if  the  internal  pressure  increases.  Central  sustaining 
planes  or  steadying  plates  C  are  fixed  centrally  within 
the  aerostat  A.  The  boat-shaped  car  B  is  adapted  for 
floating  upon  the  water,  or  for  land  transport  upon  the 
wheels,  and  is  suspended  by  means  of  jointed  rods  D, 


Fig.  83 

and  a  rope  E  upon  a  windlass  allows  of  its  being  adjusted 
forwards  and  backwards.  Boxed  or  cased  propellers  I 
provide  the  necessary  propelling  force,  and  these  are 
independently  driven  by  the  current  derived  from 


AIR-SHIPS. 


123 


accumulators  in  the  car  B.  The  altitude  is  varied  by 
admitting  air  to  or  exhausting  the  interior  of  the  aero- 
stat A,  a  suitable  electrically  driven  pump  performing 
this  operation. 

Fig.  83  represents  Worm's  air-ship.  The  aerostat  A 
is  nearly  buoyant  enough  to  support  the  whole  mass, 
and  has  attached  to  each  side  inclined  aeroplanes,  the 
edge  C  of  which  only  is  visible  upon  the  elevation.  A 
curved  rod  D  extends  from  one  end  to  the  other  of  the 


machine,  which  carries  a  balance  weight  E.  H  is  a  tail- 
piece or  rudder,  capable  of  being  moved  upon  a  vertical 
axis.  Propulsion  is  effected  by  means  of  feathering 
wings  F,  to  which  motion  is  imparted  by  an  internal 
combustion  or  other  motor  D'.  By  adjusting  the  balance 
weight  E  upon  the  rod  D,  the  aeroplane  C  and  the  whole 
machine  may  be  made  to  assume  an  inclined  position,  so 
that  the  combined  action  of  the  wings  F  and  aeroplane  C 
tend  to  raise  the  air-ship  and  propel  it  forwards.  The 
car  B  is  of  wedge  shape  in  plan,  and  carries  the  generator, 


I24 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


storage  tank,  or  the  like,  G,  and  the  motor  D'  with  the 
fulcrums  of  the  wings  F. 

Boisset's  air-ship  is  illustrated  by  Fig.  84,  and  consists 
of  an  aerostat,  the  frame  of  which  is  formed  of  a  number 
of  light  metal  or  bamboo  rings  with  radial  struts 
threaded  upon  an  axial  tube  c.  Transverse  stays  g  tie 
the  ends  of  c  to  the  upper  periphery  of  the  central  ring 
of  the  frame,  and  the  whole  is  covered  by  a  double  layer 
of  silk  cemented  together  by  indiarubber  solution.  The 
car  r  is  suspended  from  a  plate  D  secured  to  a  band  C 
round  the  largest  circumference  of  the  aerostat  and 


Fig.  85 

steadied  by  ropes  o.  The  actual  suspension  is  effected 
by  link  work  /,  q,  which  tends  to  keep  the  car  in  position 
when  the  weights  therein  are  shifted.  Propulsion  is 
effected  by  a  single  screw  propeller  in  front  of  the  car, 
and  twin  propellers  at  the  rear  end,  the  steering  being 
performed  by  the  manipulation  of  the  latter. 

An  air-ship  with  twin  aerostats  has  been  invented  by 
L.  E.  Roze,  and  shown  by  Fig.  85,  which  is  a  plan  view. 
The  two  aerostats  A,  A'  support  the  car  B,  and  are  so  con- 
nected that  the  internal  pressure  is  equal  in  both,  and  a 
collapsible  reservoir  is  provided  in  order  that  the  gas 
may  expand  without  loss.  Propulsion  is  effected  by  two 


AIR-SHIPS. 


125 


horizontal  propellers  E,  and  vertically  by  three  similar 
propellers  the  axes  of  which  are  at  right  angles  to  the 
horizontal  plane.  The  air-ship  is  steered  by  a  tail-piece 
or  rudder  F.  The  framing  of  the  car  B  is  provided  with 
buffers  or  check  springs  to  neutralise  shocks  when 
coming  to  rest. 

Fig.  86  is  an  end  sectional  view  of  Chillingworth's 
air-ship,  which  consists  of  an  aerostat  D  supporting  a 
car  v,  and  propelled  by  feathering  wings  B,  formed  of  an 
elastic  framework  covered  by  textile  material,  the  dotted 


86 


outline  showing  the  position  assumed  when  at  rest.  The 
inner  ends  of  the  wing  arms  carry  toothed  segments 
which  gear  with  each  other,  shown  by  g,  //,  which  are 
worked  by  a  reciprocating  motor,  the  feathering  being 
actuated  by  stop  links.  A  rudder  attached  to  the  car  C 
admits  of  steering  in  any  direction.  The  aerostat  is 
divided  into  three  or  more  internal  chambers,  the  inner 
of  which  may  be  inflated  or  deflated  with  air  to  com- 
pensate the  variation  of  the  volume  of  gas  in  the  outer 
envelopes. 


126 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


Middleton's  air-ship,  an  elevation  of  which  is  shown 
by  Fig.  87,  also  consists  of  two  parallel  aerostats  fr,  // 
similar  to  that  of  Roze,  previously  described.  The 
aerostats  b,  V  are  drawn  together  by  a  bent  longitudinal 
frame  i  to  which  is  attached  a  curved  shield  plate,  which 
effectually  screens  the  aerostats  from  the  heat  radiating 
from  the  motors  and  generator  g.  Internal  bags  or 
envelopes,  shown  by  the  dotted  lines  c,  c  within  the 


Fy.87. 

aerostats  b,  b\  are  provided  to  act  as  partial  condenser  for 
the  exhaust  from  the  motor,  the  heat  thus  dissipated 
expanding  the  volume  of  the  surrounding  gas.  Propul- 
sion and  steering  are  effected  by  a  propeller  w  and  an 
auxiliary  propeller  r,  the  rotation  being  performed  by 
the  motor  and  the  variation  of  the  planes  by  hand  in 
both  cases. 

Fig.  88  is  an  elevation  of  Pennington's  air-ship,  which 
consists  of  an  aerostat  A  of  sheet  aluminium  carrying  at 


AIR-SHIPS. 


127 


its  bow  a  propeller  F  driven  by  a  motor  M  placed  within 
a  recess  in  the  aerostat,  accessible  from  outside.  Central 
aeroplanes  E  are  attached  to  each  side  of  the  aerostat  A, 


Fig.  88. 

and  lifting  propellers  E  are  fixed  to  revolve  within  suit- 
able frames  in  these  aeroplanes.  A  fin  or  central  vertical 
plane  C  is  attached  to  the  top  of  the  aerostat  The  car 


CL 


Fly.  89 


D  is  divided  into  two  compartments,  one  above  the  other, 
the  upper  one  being  for  passengers  and  auxiliary  appli- 
ances, and  the  lower  D2  for  electrical  accumulators  which 


128 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


supply  the  current  to  electro-motors  driving  the  lifting 
fans  E  and  the  vertical  and  horizontal  rudders  G,  H,  also 
the  ignition  for  the  explosion  in  the  cylinders  of  the 
vapour  engine  M.  The  liquid  hydrocarbon  is  stored 
under  pressure,  and  the  framework  and  all  parts  are 
hollow,  and  filled  with  gas.  Stays  c'  maintain  the  rigid 
position  of  the  car  D. 


Lochner's  air-ship  is  illustrated  by  Fig.  89,  and  has  an 
aerostat  a,  with  a  central  aeroplane  bb  surrounding  it, 
and  a  curved  adjustable  aeroplane  e  below  it,  this  having 
a  rigid  weather  edge  f  which  is  carried  upward  to  the 
central  aeroplane  bb.  The  reaction  of  the  air  currents 
escaping  from  the  rear  lower  edge  of  e  tends  to  an  im- 
pulse forwards.  The  aerostat  a  may  be  circular  in  plan, 


AIR-SHIPS. 


129 


and  the  lower  portion  may,  by  collapsing  into  bb,  act  as 
a  parachute.  A  narrow  horizontal  beam  k  carries  the 
propeller  g  and  its  shaft  and  bearings,  a  small  car  con- 
taining the  motor  ?//,  and  steering  gear  for  controlling 
the  rudder  r. 

Kite's  air-ship,  shown  by  Fig.  90,  consists  of  an 
aerostat  A,  with  metal  end  caps  a,  and  has  an  internal 
air-bag,  as  shown  by  the  dotted  outline,  which  is  inflated 


Fig  91. 

or  deflated  according  to  the  pressure  of  gas  in  the 
aerostat.  The  gas  envelope  of  the  aerostat  A  is  con- 
nected to  a  heated  elastic  vessel  ef  through  a  pipe  d, 
and  is  kept  in  circulation  by  a  fan  e.  Cased  propellers 
/are  attached  to  the  machine  by  saddle  frames  /4,  and 
to  each  is  hinged  a  rudder  g  which  is  operated  from  the 
car  by  ropes  and  pulleys.  Ballast  chambers  k  are  sus- 
pended from  the  car  by  cords  or  links  k'. 

Fig.  91  illustrates  Bliimelhuber's  air-ship,  consisting 


130 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


of  an  aerostat  A,  with  a  central  horizontal  tube  B  of 
metal,  shown  by  dotted  lines,  through  which  a  shaft 
passes,  carrying  two  propellers  G,  M,  driven  by  an  electro- 
motor C  which  is  supported  by  the  thrust  bearings  of 


the  shaft  B  and  a  curved  bracket  y  upon  the  car.  The 
steering  is  effected  by  mounting  the  propeller  M  upon  a 
universal  joint,  so  that  its  plane  of  rotation  may  be  in- 
clined. Electrical  accumulators  are  provided  in  the  lower 


D 


partition  z  of  the  car,  to  furnish  the  driving  power  for 
the  motor  C. 

Nahl's  air-ship  is  shown  in  elevation  by  Fig.  92,  and 
a  midship  section  Fig.  93.     The  aerostat  A  is  internally 


AIR-SHIPS.  131 

divided  by  gas  envelopes  c,  cl,  <?,  £>,  and  the  car  C  is  fixed 
to  the  framework  of  the  outer  casing  of  the  aerostat 
and  is  actually  inside  it,  below  the  central  surrounding 
aeroplane  //. 

An  electro-motor  drives  two  propellers  D,  D,  effecting 
horizontal  propulsion,  and  a  weight  J  supported  by  a 
rod  K  admits  of  the  adjustment  of  the  centre  of  buoy- 
ancy, and  also  for  ballast. 

Professor  Langley,  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute, 
U.S.A.,  has  constructed  an  air-ship  (Fig.  94)  in  which 


Fig  94. 


the  upper  part  of  the  body  a  is  an  aerostat,  and  the 
lower  part  a  an  open  framework  carrying  the  motors 
operating  the  horizontal  twin  propellers  r,  p',  steering 
being  effected  by  varying  the  rates  of  rotation  of  these 
independently  of  each  other.  Aeroplanes  w,  w'  maintain 
by  their  angle  of  inclination  the  vertical  lift,  and  are 
supported  by  and  controlled  from  a  mast  m. 

Count  von  Zeppelin's  air-ship  is  shown  in  elevation 
by  Fig.  95  and  midship  section  by  Fig.  96.  The  aerostat 
comprises  a  framework  of  longitudinal  tubes  r  inter- 
spaced by  wire  ropes  s  proceeding  radially  from  central 


132 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


hubs  wy  a  vertical  strut  v  being  placed  at  intervals  across 
the  diameter  of  the  aerostat  throughout  its  length.  It  is 
divided  into  compartments  containing  gas-bags  shown 


by  the  dotted  lines.  The  aerostat  is  very  long  relatively 
to  its  diameter,  and  supports  two  boat-cars  g^  one  only 
of  which  is  shown.  A  gangway  /  runs  the  whole  length 


of  the  machine  from  which  any  part  may  be  reached  by 
ladders  f.  Several  aerostats  may  be  joined  together 
forming  a  flexible  train  propelled  by  the  air-ship,  and 


AIR-SHIPS.  133 

carrying  goods  or  passengers.  The  junctions  are  coupled 
by  universal  joints  and  the  fabric  of  the  aerostats  joined 
by  strips  of  similar  fabric. 

Horizontal  steering  is  effected  by  rudders  q,  q't  and 
the  inclination  of  the  axis  is  adjusted  by  means  of  a 
weight  b  suspended  from  a  wire  rope  along  which  it 
is  made  to  travel  by  an  endless  rope  &  operated  by  a 
winch  w'  in  each  car  g.  The  internal  combustion  engine 
;;/  is  contained  in  the  car  g,  and  drives  the  propellers  t 
for  horizontal  propulsion  by  suitable  shafts  and  gearing 
within  the  framework  and  ladder/. 

Santos  Dumont  has  successfully  accomplished  the 
steering  of  an  aerostat,  notably  in  open  competition  in 
which  he  was  the  winner  of  15,000  francs  by  rounding 
the  Eiffel  Tower.  Since  this  the  inventor  has  made 
several  successful  steering  flights.  The  air-ship  consists 
of  an  aerostat  inflated  with  hydrogen,  and  containing 
an  air-bag  for  compensation,  and  a  screw  propeller,  the 
axis  of  which  is  inclined,  and  a  rudder  of  relatively 
large  area  is  under  the  control  of  the  aeronaut,  who  is 
placed  in  a  small  shielded  car  which  also  carries  the 
motor  engine,  preferably  an  internal  combustion  liquid 
hydrocarbon  type.  M.  Dumont  has  invented  a  very 
light  and  powerful  twin  or  multi-cylinder  engine  for  the 
purpose,  each  pair  of  cylinders  being  placed  in  tandem, 
operating  one  piston  rod,  the  explosions  having  the 
effect  of  a  double-acting  single-cylinder  engine. 

Dr  Barton  in  the  United  States  has  just  built  an 
air-ship,  the  trial  of  which  has  not  as  yet  been  reported. 
The  aerostat  has  three  aeroplanes  placed  below  the 
centre  with  an  aggregate  area  of  1,944  scl'  ft-»  which  he 
claims  to  have  a  lifting  power  of  972  Ibs.  or  I  Ib.  to  2 
sq.  ft.,  equivalent  to  an  air  velocity  of  880  ft.  per  minute. 
There  are  eighteen  propellers  arranged  at  different 
angles.  The  aerostat  has  an  internal  compensator  or 


134 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


air  vessel  capable  of  being  inflated  or  deflated.  It  is 
noteworthy  that  nearly  every  modern  type  of  air-ship 
adopts  this  compensator,  and  it  is  invariably  referred  to 
as  a  special  feature,  although  employed,  as  we  have 
seen,  by  Partridge  in  his  air-ship  the  "  Pneumodrome " 
in  1849.  Dr  Barton  renders  his  air-ship  stable  longi- 
tudinally by  forward  and  rear  water  tanks,  the  water  of 
which  is  kept  in  constant  circulation  through  a  double 
tubular  system  by  an  electrically  driven  pump.  A  valve 
is  fitted  in  each  section,  these  being  controlled  automati- 


D 


catty  by  a  heavy  pendulum,  one  of  the  tanks  being  filled 
and  the  opposite  one  emptied  inversely  according  to  the 
.tendency  of  the  inclination. 

The  "  Aeraonic  "  air-ship  is  as  yet  the  most  successful 
experimental  apparatus  yet  tried,  and  lengthy  trials  have 
been  made  of  a  10  ft.  model  in  which  the  air-ship  was  held 
captive  at  a  height  of  100  ft.  by  a  hawser,  around  which 
it  was  steered  from  the  ground  by  two  double  pole  link 
switches,  the  conductors  being  attached  to  the  hawser 
and  included  in  the  circuits  of  the  steering  motor.  The 
electrical  current  for  this  and  the  propelling  motors  was 


AIR-SHIPS.  135 

generated  by  a  dynamo  upon  the  shaft  of  a  4^  H.P.  petrol 
twin  cylinder  motor  upon  the  platform  of  the  ship,  and 
vertical  ascent  was  accomplished  without  extraneous  aid. 
These  successful  trials  led  to  the  formation  of  a  syndicate, 
and  an  air-ship  50  ft.  in  length  and  40  H.P.  is  now  in 
process  of  building.  Fig.  97  is  an  elevation  of  this  air- 
ship, in  which  a  platform  s  carries  the  whole  of  the 
mechanism,  and  when  at  rest  is  supported  upon  the 
ground  by  wheels  o.  A  lifting  propeller  B  has  a  collar 
C  upon  the  shaft  normally  held  back  by  the  tension  of 
a  spring  to  keep  the  rear  edges  of  the  blades  in  full 
pitch  position  by  means  of  rods  a.  The  shaft  j  and 
electro-motor  F  which  drives  it  are  based  upon  a  pivoted 
plate  upon  the  platform  s,  the  oil-bath  thrust  block  e 
intervening  between  the  motor  F  and  the  propeller  B, 
the  whole  being  inclined  backwards  or  forwards  by  a 
screw /and  hand  wheel  g.  The  aeroplane  A  is  inclined 
at  the  same  time,  being  carried  by  a  trunnion  bearing  b 
on  the  shaft  j.  Links  d  connect  the  aeroplane  A  with 
the  platform  s  and  carry  the  rear  weight,  being  pivoted 
to  A  at  c.  The  length  of  the  links  d  is  sueh  as  to  bring 
the  aeroplane  A  parallel  with  the  platform  s  when  moved 
rearward  by  g.  The  horizontal  propeller  D  is  driven  by 
an  electro-motor  E,  and  a  thrust  block  e  is  mounted 
upon  the  same  bracket.  Steering  is  effected  by  a  four- 
vaned  rudder  k  operated  vertically  by  a  toothed  quadrant 
q,  and  horizontally  by  a  similar  quadrant,  small  electro- 
motors rt  controlled  by  the  aeronaut  by  means  of  switches, 
furnishing  the  requisite  power.  The  current  is  derived 
from  a  dynamo  electric  generator  i  driven  directly  by 
a  compound  internal  combustion  hydrocarbon  engine  //. 
The  liquid  fuel  is  stored  in  a  wedge-shaped  tank  G,  the 
apex  forming  the  beak  of  the  platform.  Two  tanks 
containing  water  /,  /',  and  connected  by  pipes  and  an 
electrically  driven  centrifugal  pump  ;//,  are  placed  on 


136  AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 

each  side  of  the  under  part  of  the  platform  s,  so  that  the 
two  forward  tanks  are  connected  to  the  after  tanks  by 
the  corresponding  pipes,  forming  the  "  fore  and  rear " 
equilibrium  system,  and  either  the  two  right-hand  tanks 
or  the  two  left-hand  tanks  the  "  lateral "  equilibrium 
system.  Therefore  since  a  current  of  fluid  is  maintained, 
a  flux  to  the  two  forward  tanks  causes  a  dip  forwards 
and  vice  versa,  or  a  flux  to  the  two  right-hand  tanks 
causes  a  lateral  dip  in  that  direction  ;  and  this  is  auto- 
matically effected  by  two  pivoted  hollow  beams  slightly 
bellied  in  the  centre  and  partially  filled  with  mercury, 
and  these  being  arranged  at  right  angles  to  each  other, 
are  connected  to  the  controlling  valves  of  the  two  fluid 
circulating  systems.  The  sensitiveness  of  the  mercury 
balance  renders  the  equilibrium  control  nearly  antici- 
patory. 

No  human  mind  can  foresee  the  air-ship  of  the  future, 
except  that  aerial  navigation  will  be  a  matter  of  every- 
day usage,  and  will  give  rise  to  a  new  industry  throughout 
the  world.  Unless  some  future  discovery  renders  the 
control  of  the  force  of  gravitation  possible  by  other  than 
mechanical  means,  the  germ  of  the  air- ship  is  among  the 
many  that  are  described  in  these  pages,  doubtless  with 
many  modifications  and  additional  details  that  may  be 
found  necessary  to  accomplish  perfect  success. 


APPENDIX. 


TRIGONOMETRICAL  EQUIVALENTS. 


Cotangent  . 


98. 


THE  diagram  shows  the  trigonometrical  functions  in 
terms  of  the  angle  0  to  the  radius,  the  value  of  which  is 
given  as  =  I. 

Cos        =    .    .     x/(i  —  sin2)=   cosine. 
sin 


Cos 


tan 


=   cosine. 


Cos       =   .      .  sin  x  cot      =   cosine. 


Tan      =    . 


sin 


cos 


=    tangent. 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


Cot       - 

CUb 

Sin 
Sec       = 

Sin 

Radius  = 
Sin       = 

Tan      = 

Cosec    = 
Sec       - 

COS 

cot 

tan 
.  .  .  —r~                =   secant, 
sin 

tan 

sec 
.  .  .  tan  x  cot      =   radius. 

\/(i  —  cos2)=  sine. 

.    .    —                  =    tangent, 
cot 

i 

sin 
I 

Sin 
Cos       = 
Cot 

cos 
I 

—      cirip 

cosec 
i 

sec 

cot 

Versin      =  I  —  cos  =  versed  sine. 
Coversin  =  i  —  sin  =  coversed  sine. 


APPENDIX. 


139 


Form  of  Aerostat  Ends,  Plotting  Templets  (Fig. 
99).— Let   AC  =  D  x   1.25,  and   AB  =  D.      Then    from 


Fig.99 

centre  C  strike  off  AE,  and  upon  EF  mark  off  G,  that 
GF  =  CB,  and  strike  the  semicircle  radius  Gr  cutting  AF 
at  r.  This  forms  an  approximate  parabolic  outline. 


Fig.  100 


To  describe  an  ellipse  for  an  end  templet,  set  off  the 
major  axis  EC,  and  mark  it  off  in  equal  parts,  which  in 


140 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


Fig.  99  are  four.  Let  AD  =  the  minor  axis,  and  CB  the 
half  of  this,  which  should  be  divided  into  an  equal  number 
of  corresponding  parts  to  EC.  From  the  centre  A  draw 
lines  cutting  divisions  on  BC,  and  from  the  centre  D  draw 
lines  cutting  the  divisions  on  EC.  Where  the  lines  inter- 
sect are  the  points  cut  by  the  semi-ellipse. 


CORRECTION  TABLE  OF  ALTITUDES  AND  LATITUDE. 


LATITUDE. 

Apparent 

+  from  o°  to  45°  ;    -  from  45°  to  90°. 

Altitudes, 

Feet. 

o° 

10° 

20° 

30° 

40° 

45° 

90° 

80° 

70° 

60° 

50° 

1,000 

2.6 

2-5 

2.0 

i-3 

•5 

2,000 

5-3 

5-o 

4.1 

2.6 

•9 

3,000 

7-9 

7-5 

6.1 

4.0 

1.4 

. 

4,000 

10.6 

IO.O 

8.1 

5-3 

1.8 

°10 

Tj- 

5,000 

13.2 

12.4 

10.  1 

6.6 

2-3 

& 

6,000 

15-9 

14.9 

12.2 

7-9 

2.8 

G 

^O 

7,000 

18.5 

17.4 

14.2 

9-3 

3-2 

0 

<L> 

8,000 

21.2 

19.9 

16.2 

10.6 

3-7 

fc 

o 

9,000 

23-8 

22.4 

I8.3 

11.9 

4.1 

o 

0 

10,000 

26.5 

24.9 

2O.3 

13.2 

4.6 

fe 

11,000 

29.1 

27.4 

22.3 

14.6 

5-i 

12,000 

31.8 

29.9 

24.4 

15-9 

5-5 

APPENDIX. 


141 


USEFUL  CONSTANTS  AND  LOGARITHMS. 


7T 
7T2           - 
/~ 

Number. 
3.1416 
9.8696 

Logarithm! 
.4971 

-9943 
.2486 

VT 

7T 

4 

1  •  /  /  ^4 
.7854 

.8951 

Centimetres  in  I  in.       

2-54 

.4048 

Yards  in  I  metre 

1.0936 

.0388 

Kilometres  in  I  mile     

1.6093 

.2066 

Miles  in  I  knot     

I.I528 

.0618 

Square  mils  per  square  millimetre 

1550 

3.1904 

Cubic  centimetres  in  I  cub.  in.       - 

16.386 

1.2145 

Cubic  centimetres  in  I  pint    - 

567-93 

2.7543 

Cubic  inches  in  I  pint  

34-659 

1-5398 

Pints  in  I  litre      

1.7608 

T  t    A  1*} 

-2457 
T  188? 

Pounds  avoirdupois  in  I  kilogram 

1j-4j^ 
2.  2046 

1  •  1  GO  -^ 

-3433 

Pounds  in  I  cub.  ft.  of  water  (39°  Fahr.) 

62.425 

1-7953 

Forces  de  cheval  in   I  horse-power  (33,000 

.0058 

Foot  pounds  in  I  B.T.U. 

775-47 

2.8895 

B.T.U.  in  i  calorie       .... 

3.968 

.5986 

Degrees  Fahrenheit  in  i°  Cent. 

1.8 

•2553 

Feet  per  second  in  I  mile  per  hour 

1.4666 

.1664 

Metres  per  second  in  I  kilometre  per  hour 

2.7777 

•4437 

Pressure  pounds  per  square  inch  of  I  ft.   of 
water  (39°  Fahr.)  

•4333 

1.6368 

Pressure  pounds  per  square  inch  of  I  in.  of 
mercury          .--.._ 

.4907 

1.6368 

Value  of  g  at  Greenwich  in  inch  seconds     '   - 

386.29 

2.5869 

Length  of  seconds  pendulum  at  Greenwich, 

inches  - 


39-139 


1.5926 


142 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


TABLE  OF  PROLATE  SPHEROIDS. 

Semi-major  axis  =  a.     Semi-minor  axis  =  b.     Volume  =  %ira-b. 


Weight 
Raised, 
Lbs. 
(Avoir.' 
TV. 

Cubic  Feet 
of  Gas 
(any  shape), 
w 

'".0684 

Linear 
Feet 
Radius, 

i>=\f~ir 

2.929 

Linear 
Feet 
Diameter, 

d=-2b. 

Square  Feet 
Area  =  »r£2. 

Linear  Feet 
Length, 

7=12*. 

Square  Feet 
Surface 
Area, 

/=6o.oo8^2. 

I 

14.60 

.834 

1.669 

2.19 

10.013 

41.78 

IO 

146.0 

1.798 

3-595 

IO.I7 

21-573 

I94.OO 

100 

1460.0 

3.873 

7.746 

47.12 

46.478 

899.64 

150 

2I92.O 

4-435 

8.870 

61-79 

53-220 

1180.30 

200 

2920.00 

4.879 

9-759 

74.81 

58-557 

1429.70 

250 

36550 

5-259 

10.518 

86.89 

63.109 

1659.60 

34° 

5000.0 

5-838 

11.676 

107.08 

70.058 

2021.80 

440 

6000.0 

6.203 

12.407 

120.91 

74.446 

2317.60 

500 

7310.0 

6.626 

13-252 

J37-93 

79-512 

2634.60 

547 

8000.0 

6.828 

13-656 

146.48 

81.939 

2784.10 

650 

9000.0 

7.101 

14.203 

158.44 

85.220 

3026.  70 

684 

IOOOO.O 

7-355 

14.711 

169.97 

88.226 

3247.10 

750 

1  1000.  0 

7-593 

15.186 

181.12 

9I.II6 

3459-60 

800 

11695.0 

7-749 

15.499 

188.67 

92.995 

3604.  20 

850 

12000.0 

7.816 

15-632 

191.94 

93-796 

3665.80 

890 

13000.0 

8.027 

16.055 

202.46 

96.333 

3867.50 

960 

14000.0 

8.228 

16.457 

212.72 

98.739 

4063.  60 

1,000 

14620.0 

8.348 

16.696 

218.95 

100.179 

4I82.IO 

1,100 

16000.0 

8.602 

17.204 

232.48 

103.228 

4440.30 

1,160 

17000.0 

8.778 

17-557 

242.11 

105-334 

4624.  80 

1,230 

18000.0 

8.947 

17.895 

25I-57 

107.371 

4807.00 

1,350 

19000.0 

9.110 

18.220 

260.74 

109.323 

4980.  30 

1,368 

20000.0 

9.267 

18.554 

269.81 

III.208 

5I53-40 

APPENDIX. 


143 


The  following  diagram  (Fig.  101)  illustrates  the  diri- 
gible aerostat  of  M.  Santos  Dumont.     It  will  be  noted 


that  the  structure  is  very  light,  and  offers  very  little  re- 
sistance to  the  air  relatively  to  the  power  and  buoyancy. 


144 


AERIAL   NAVIGATION. 


The  aerostat  A  is  pointed  at  each  end,  and  an  interior 
balloon  or  envelope  B  containing  air  is  placed  inside,  and 
controlled  from  the  motor  P  by  a  pipe  T.  This  is  the 
arrangement  first  adopted  by  Partridge  in  his  "  Pneuma- 
drome,"  which  is  previously  described.  A  trailing  rope  I, 


Fig.  102. 


with  a  guide  M,  is  provided,  in  addition  to  a  rudder  G. 
The  aeronaut  sits  in  a  light  wicker  basket  chair  O,  from 
whence  he  may  control  the  mechanism.  The  engine  P 
develops  16  H.P.,  and  is  actuated  by  the  explosion  of 
vaporised  petrol.  The  screw  propeller  H  is  made  with 
flexible  rear  edges,  and  at  150  revolutions  per  minute 


APPENDIX. 


146  AERIAL  NAVIGATION. 

exerts  a  thrust  of  60  Ibs.     The  total  weight  of  the  appa- 
ratus is  550  Ibs. 

Fig.  1 02  shows  the  machine  progressing  against  the 
wind,  and  Fig.  103  illustrates  the  start  from  the  Pare 
d'Orient  in  the  15,000  franc  competition,  I3th  July  1901, 


Fig.  104. 


which,  after  some  discussion,  was  awarded  to  M.  Santos 
Dumont.  Fig.  104  shows  the  progression  of  the  aero- 
stat against  the  wind.  Fig.  105  (see  Frontispiece) 
shows  the  aerostat  rounding  the  Eiffel  Tower  during  the 
competition. 


INDEX. 


A  CCUMULATORS,  101 
•*•  *•     Adams'  propeller,  65 
"  Aeraonic  "  ship,  134 
Aerial  flotation,  14 
Aerocurves,  82,  115 
Aerodynamics,  31-48 
Aeroplanes,  70,  115 
Aerostatics,  12-20 
Aerostats,  15,  20,  105 
Air,  31-48 
Air-ships,  117-136 
Albatross,  2 

Alexander's  propeller,  60 
Alloys,  strength,  weight,  ill 
Altitude  and  latitude,  140 
Altitudes,  13,  140 
Aluminium  alloys,  in 
Angle  propeller,  54 
Angular  equivalents,  137 
Ash,  114 
Atmosphere,  12 


O  ALANCED  motion,  105 
*~*     Barbe's  heater,  93 
Barometer,  12 
Barton's  air-ship,  133 


Bate's  aerostat,  24 

Bats,  4,  5 

Bearings,  112 

Beech,  114 

Beenen's  aeroplane,  81 

Beetle,  6,  7 

Benzol,  94 

Binary  alloys,  III 

Birds,  2 

Blades,  propeller,  54 

Blumelhuber's  air-ship,  129 

Boisset-Mercier  propeller,  59 

Boisset's  air-ship,  124 

Brachials,  10 

Butane,  94 


/CALICO,  115 

^-^     Capone's  wing  motion,  43 

Carpus,  3 

Cast  iron,  108 

Castings,  in 

Cayley's  experiments,  56 

Child's  propeller,  62 

Chillingworth's  air-ship,  125 

Coleoptera,  7 

Compression,  no 


148 


INDEX. 


Conctor,  2 

Constants,  141 

Coracoid,  2 

Cornelius'  wing  motion,  41 

Crease's  aeroplane,  77 

Cubitus,  2,  3 

Curves  of  flight,  34 


DAIMLER  engine,  96 
Dale  aerostat,  25 
Davenport's  aeroplane,  81 
De  Bausset's  air-ship,  121 
Delta  metal,  114 
Density,  17 
Diesel  engine,  98 
Discoidals,  10 
Dodecane,  94 
Drawn  steel  tube,  no 
Duck  canvas,  115 
Dynamo,  101 


ELECTRIC  motive  power,  100 
Ellipse,  139 
Elm,  114 
Elytra,  7 

Ends,  aerostat,  139 
Equilibrium,  105 
Equipoise,  42 
Equivalents,  angular,  137 
Erichsen's  propeller,  55 
Ethane,  94 


FALCONNET'S  air-ship,  118 
Feraud's  propeller,  61 
Fish,  flying,  n 


Flight  curves,  34 

laws  of,  i 

man,  41 

mechanical,  37 

natural,  I 
Flexibility,  35 
Folacci's  air-ship,  118 
Framework,  108 
Fryer's  aerostat,  27 
Fuel,  83 

comparative,  86 

table,  86 

thermic  value,  85 


GALLIENE'S  wing,  44 
Geant,  Le,  18 
Generators,  86 
Glendinning's  aerostat,  28 
Gower  aerostat,  23 
Green,  18 
Gyrostat,  105 


HEAT  units,  84 
conversion,  84 
Heathorn's  propeller,  65 
Hecdecane,  94 
Hemiptera,  9 
Henderson's  propeller,  57 
Henson's  aeroplane,  75 
Heptane,  94 
Hexane,  94 

Hilfreich's  air-ship,  120 
Hite's  air-ship,  129 
Hollow  shafting,  113 
Hornsby-Akroyd  engine,  96 


INDEX. 


149 


Hydrocarbon  engines,  94 
Hydrocarbons,  94 
Hydrogen,  15 
Hymenoptera,  9 
Humerus,  2 


IMPULSE,  51 

*•     Insects,  6 

Internal  combustion  engines,  98 

Iron  tube,  108 

I  ET  propulsion,  69 


IS  EELCOM  motor,  98 


LAMINATED  propeller,  57 
Langley's  air-ship,  131 
Latitude  tables,  140 
Lifting  power  aeroplanes,  72 
Liquid  fuel,  85,  94 
Lochner's  air-ship,  128 
Logarithms,  useful,  141 
Louvre  valves,  48 


MAGNALIUM,  in 
Man  flight,  42 
Manganese  steel,  114 
Marey's  experiments,  34 
Marshall's  wing  motion,  46 
Martin's  paddle,  69 
Materials,  102 
Maxim's  aeroplanes,  77-79,  107 

generators,  88,  90 
Metacarpus,  3 


Methane,  94 
Middleton's  air-ship,  126 

wing  motion,  46 
Models,  102 
Modulus  of  rupture,  108 

strength,  108 

Molesworth-Hepworth  air-ship,  120 
Motive  power,  83-101 
Multivane  aeroplane,  73 

propeller,  66 


\JADAR:S  balloon,  18 
•*•  ^      Nahl's  air-ship,  130 

Nervures,  7 

Nickel  steel,  114 


OAK,  114 
Octane,  94 
Oetling's  paddle,  68 
Opossum,  flying,  10 


propellers,  67 
Parabola,  139 
Parallelogram  of  forces,  1  10 
Partridge's  air-ship,  117 
Pectoral  fins,  1  1 
Pegamoid,  115 
Pennington's  propeller,  65 

air-ship,  126 

Pettigrew's  experiments,  34 
Petroleum,  85 
Phalanges,  3 
Pitch,  propeller,  54-65 
Pinaud's  experiments,  73 
Plotting  templets,  139 
Pneumadrome,  117 
Pollex,  3 


INDEX. 


wing 


Polygonal  frame,  no 
Power,  50 

Prolate  spheroids,  49,  142 
Propeller  ratios,  54 
Propellers,  53 
Prophane,  94 
Propulsion,  49 
Pterodactyl,  6 


QUARTERMAIN'S 
motion,  42 


RADIUS,  3 
Razeau's  propeller,  66 
Recurrent  nervures,  10 
Rennie's  propeller,  55 
Resistance,  air,  49 

wind,  50 
Rhea  fibre,  115 
Romanium,  in 
Roze's  air-ship,  124 
Rudder,  106 


SAILS,  118 
Santos  Dumont  air-ship,  133, 

144 

Scapula,  2 

Schmidt's  propeller,  61 
Scott's  aerostat,  30 
Sensitive  equilibrium,  105 
Serkis-bey  aerostat,  21 
Sheet  metal,  no,  116 
Shafting,  113 
Silk,  115 
Slip  ratio,  53 


Smythie's  wing  motion,  39 

Solder,  composition,  112 

Solders,  112 

Spheroids,  prolate,  49,  142 

Stag  beetle,  6,  7 

Steel,  108 

Steering,  106 

Sternum,  3 

Stigma,  8 

Storz's  propeller,  62 

Stringfellow's  aeroplane,  73 

trial  experiment,  75 
Structure  of  air-ships,  102 
Sylamoid,  115 


•"TAPSCOTT'S  aerostat,  29 
•*•       Templets,  139 
Tensile  strength,  1 1 1 
Tension,  no 
Ternary  alloys,  in 
Thorax,  7 

Trigonometrical  equivalents,  137 
Tubular  frames,  108 
Tussore  silk,  115 


ULNA,  3 
Urtalaine,  115 
Useful  constants,  141 


TTALUES  of  temperature,  14 

*        Valvular  wings,  48 
Vaporising,  94 
Velocities,  50,  51 
Vogelsand's  propeller,  58,  63 
Von  Zeppelin's  air-ship,  131 


INDEX. 


VITTALKER'S  experiment,  38 

*  •        Wave  movement,  34 
Weight,  32 

Wenham's  aeroplane,  73 
Williams'  propeller,  59 
Willow,  115 
Wind  pressure,  52 

resistance,  50 
Winds,  52 
Wing  area,  32,  33 

birds,  &c.,  2-6 

movements,  34 


Wire  stays,  113 

Wolframinium,  in 

Woods,  various,  108,  114,  115 

weight,  115 
Worm's  air-ship,  123 


Y 


ACHTduck,  115 


7 EPPELIN'S,  Von,  air-ship,  131 

l-A 


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THE  MECHANICAL  ENGINEER'S  REFERENCE  BOOK. 

For  Machine  and  Boiler  Construction.  In  Two  Parts.  Part  I.  GENERAL 
ENGINEERING  DATA.  Part  II.  BOILER  CONSTRUCTION.  With  51  Plates  and 
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PART  I.— MEASURES.— CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS,  &c.,  SQUARES,  CUBES, 
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A   TREATISE    ON    STEAM    BOILERS. 

Their  Strength,  Construction,  and  Economical  Working.  By  R.  WILSON,  C.E. 
Fifth  Edition.  i2mo,  cloth 6/O 

"  The  best  treatise  that  has  ever  been  published  on  steam  boilers."— Engineer. 
"The  author  shows  himself  perfect  master  of  his  subject,  and  we  heartily  recommend  all 
employing  steam  power  to  possess  themselves  of  the  work."— RylancTs  Iron  Trade  Circular. 

THE  MECHANICAL  ENGINEER'S  COMPANION 

of  Areas,  Circumferences,  Decimal  Equivalents,  in  inches  and  feet,  millimetres, 
squares,  cubes,  roots,  &c.  ;  Weights,  Measures,  and  other  Data.  Also  Prac- 
tical Rules  for  Modern  Engine  Proportions.  By  R.  EDWARDS.  M.Inst.C.E. 
Fcap.  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  3/6 

"A  very  useful  little  volume.  It  contains  many  tables,  classified  data  and  memoranda 
generally  useful  to  engineers." — Engineer. 

"What  it  professes  to  be,  '  a  handy  office  companion,'  giving  in  a  succinct  form,  a  variety  of 
Information  likely  to  be  required  by  engineers  in  their  everyday  office  work." — Nature. 


MECHANICAL   ENGINEERING,   &c. 


A    HANDBOOK    ON    THE    STEAM    ENGINE. 

With  especial  Reference  to  Small  and  Medium-sized  Engines.  For  the  Use  of 
Engine  Makers,  Mechanical  Draughtsmen,  Engineering  Students,  and  users 
of  Steam  Power.  By  HERMAN  HAEDER,  C.E.  Translated  from  the  German 
with  considerable  additions  and  alterations,  by  H.  H.  P.  POWLES,  A.M.I. C.E., 
M.I.M.E.  Second  Edition,  Revised.  With  nearly  1,100  Illustrations. 

Crown  8vo,  cloth 9/O 

"  A  perfect  encyclopaedia  of  the  steam  engine  and  its  details,  and  one  which  must  take  a  per- 
manent place  in  English  drawing-offices  and  workshops." — A  Foreman  Pattern-maker. 

"  This  is  an  excellent  book,  and  should  be  in  the  hands  of  all  who  are  interested  in  the  con- 
struction and  design  of  medium-sized  stationary  engines.  .  .  .  A  careful  study  of  its  contents  and 
the  arrangement  of  the  sections  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  there  is  probably  no  other  book  like  it 
In  this  country.  The  volume  aims  at  showing  the  results  of  practical  experience,  and  it  certainly 
may  claim  a  complete  achievement  of  this  idea." — Nature. 

"There  can  be  no  question  as  to  its  value.  We  cordially  commend  it  to  all  concerned  in  the 
design  and  construction  of  the  steam  engine." — Mechanical  World. 

BOILER    AND    FACTORY    CHIMNEYS. 

Their  Draught-Power  and  Stability.  With  a  chapter  on  Lightning  Conductors. 
By  ROBERT  WILSON,  A.I. C.E. ,  Author  of  "A  Treatise  on  Steam  Boilers,"  &c. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth 3/6 

"  A  valuable  contribution  to  the  literature  of  scientific  building." — The  Builder. 

BOILER  MAKER'S  READY  RECKONER  &  ASSISTANT. 

With  Examples  of  Practical  Geometry  and  Templating,  for  the  Use  of  Platers, 
Smiths,   and   Riveters.      By  JOHN   COURTNEY,   Edited    by  D.    K.    CLARK, 
M.I. C.E.    Third  Edition,  480  pp.,  with  140  Illustrations.     Fcap.  8vo    .     7/O 
"  No  workman  or  apprentice  should  be  without  this  book." — Iron  Trade  Circular. 

THE  POCKET  BOOK  OF  REFRIGERATION  AND  ICE- 

MAKINQ   FOR   1902. 

Edited  by  A.  J.  WALLIS-TAYLER,  A.M.Inst.C.E.  Author  of  "Refrigerating 
and  Ice-making  Machinery,"  &c.  With  Diary  and  Almanac.  Small  Crown 
8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  Net  2/6 

REFRIGERATING    &    ICE-MAKING    MACHINERY. 

A  Descriptive  Treatise  for  the  Use  of  Persons  Employing  Refrigerating 
and  Ice-Making  Installations,  and  others.  By  A.  J.  WALLIS-TAYLER, 
A.-M.  Inst.  C.E.  Third  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.  With  Illustrations. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  7/6 

"Practical,  explicit,  and  profusely  illustrated."— Glasgow  Herald. 

"  We  recommend  the  book,  which  gives  the  cost  of  various  systems  and  illustrations  showing 
details  of  parts  of  machinery  and  general  arrangements  of  complete  installations." — Builder. 

"  May  be  recommended  as  a  useful  description  of  the  machinery,  the  processes,  and  of  the 
facts,  figures,  and  tabulated  physics  of  refrigerating.  It  is  one  of  the  best  compilations  on  the 
subject."— Engineer. 

TEA  MACHINERY  AND  TEA  FACTORIES. 

A  Descriptive  Treatise  on  the  Mechanical  Appliances  required  in  the  Cultiva- 
tion of  the  Tea  Plant  and  the  Preparation  of  Tea  for  the  Market.  By  A.  J. 
WALLIS-TAYLER,  A.-M.  Inst.  C.E.  Medium  8vo,  468  pp.  With  218 
Illustrations.  [Just  Published.  Net  25/O 

"The  subject  of  tea  machinery  is  now  one  ot  the  first  interest  to  a  large  class  of  people,  to 

whom  we  strongly  commend  the  volume." — Chamber  of  Commerce  Journal. 

"  When  tea  planting  was  first  introduced  into  the  British  possessions  little,  if  any,  machinery 

was  employed,  but  now  its  use  is  almost  universal.     This  volume  contains  a  very  full  account  of  the 

machinery  necessary  for  the  proper  outfit  of  a  factory,  and  also  a  description  of  the  processes  best 

carried  out  by  this  machinery." — Journal  Society  of  Arts. 

ENGINEERING  ESTIMATES,  COSTS,  AND  ACCOUNTS. 

A  Guide  to  Commercial  Engineering.  With  numerous  examples  of  Estimates 
and  Costs  of  Millwright  Work,  Miscellaneous  Productions,  Steam  Engines  and 
Steam  Boilers ;  and  a  Section  on  the  Preparation  of  Costs  Accounts.  By 
A  GENERAL  MANAGER.  Second  Edition.  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  ~\  2/O 
"  This  is  an  excellent  and  very  useful  book,  covering  subject-matter  in  constant  requisition  In 

every  factory  and  workshop.  .   .   .   The  book  is  invaluable,  not  only  to  the  young  engineer,  but 

also  to  the  estimate  department  of  every  works." — Builder. 

"  We  accord  the  work  unqualified  praise.     The  information  is  given  in  a  plain,  straightforward 

manner,  and  bears  throughout  evidence  of  the  intimate  practical  acquaintance  of  the  author  with 

every  phase  of  commercial  engineering."— Mechanical  World. 


CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD   &•  SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


AERIAL  OR  WIRE-ROPE  TRAMWAYS. 

Their  Construction  and  Management.   By  A.  J.  WALLIS-TAYLER,  A.M.  Inst.C.E. 

With  Si  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.     7/6 

"This  is  in  its  way  an  excellent  volume.    Without  going  into  the  minutiae  of  the  subject,  it 

yet  lays  before  its  readers  a  very  good  exposition  of  the  various  systems  of  rope  transmission  in  use, 

and  gives  as  well  not  a  little  valuable  information  about  their  working,  repair,  and  management. 

We  can  safely  recommend  it  as  a  useful  general  treatise  on  the  subject." — The  Engineer. 

"  Mr.  Tayler  has  treated  the  subject  as  concisely  as  thoroughness  would  permit.  The  book 
will  rank  with  the  best  on  this  useful  topic,  and  we  recommend  it  to  those  whose  business  is  the 
transporting  of  minerals  and  goods."— Mining  Journal. 

MOTOR  CARS  OR  POWER-CARRIAGES  FOR  COMMON 

ROADS. 

By  A.  J.   WALLIS-TAYLER,  Assoc.  Memb.  Inst.  C.E.,  Author  of  "Modern 

Cycles,"  &c.     212  pp.,  with  76  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth      .        .     4/6 

"  Mr.  Wallis-Tayler's  book  is  a  welcome  addition  to  the  literature  of  the  subject,  as  it  is  the 

production  of  an  Engineer,  and  has  not  been  written  with  a  view  to  assist  in  the  promotion  of 

companies.    .    .    .    The  book  is  clearly  expressed  throughout,  and  is  just  the  sort  of  work  that 

an  engineer,  thinking  of  turning  his  attention  to  motor-carriage  work,  would  do  well  to  read  as  a 

preliminary  to  starting  operations." — Engineering. 

PLATING    AND    BOILER   MAKING. 

A  Practical  Handbook  for  Workshop  Operations.     By  JOSEPH  G.  HORNER, 

A.M.I. M.E.     380  pp.  with  338  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth      .         .     7/6 

"  The  latest  production  from  the  pen  of  this  writer  is  characterised  by  that  evidence  of  close 

acquaintance  with  workshop  methods  which  will  render  the  book  exceedingly  acceptable  to  the 

practical  hand.    We  have  no  hesitation  in  commending  the  work  as  a  serviceable  and  practical 

handbook  on  a  subject  which  has  not  hitherto  received  much  attention  from  those  qualified  to  deal 

with  it  in  a  satisfactory  manner." — Mechanical  World. 

PATTERN    MAKING. 

A  Practical  Treatise,  embracing  the  Main  Types  of  Engineering  Construction, 
and  including  Gearing,  both  Hand  and  Machine-made,  Engine  Work,  Sheaves 
and  Pulleys,  Pipes  and  Columns,  Screws,  Machine  Parts,  Pumps  and  Cocks, 
the  Moulding  of  Patterns  in  Loam  and  Greensand,  &c.,   together   with   the 
methods  of  estimating  the  weight  of  Castings  ;  with  an  Appendix  of  Tables  for 
Workshop  Reference.     By  JOSEPH  G.  HORNER,  A.M. I. M.E.    Second  Edition, 
Enlarged.     With  450  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth     ....     7/6 
"  A  well-written  technical  guide,  evidently  written  by  a  man  who  understands  and  has  prac- 
tised what  he  has  written  about.   .    .   .   We  cordially  recommend  it  to  engineering  students,  young 
'ourneymen,  and  others  desirous  of  being  initiated  into  the  mysteries  of  pattern-making." — Builder. 
"An  excellent  "vade  ntecum  for  the  apprentice  who  desires  to  become  master  of  his  trade." 
— English  Mechanic. 

MECHANICAL    ENGINEERING    TERMS 

(Lockwood's  Dictionary  of).  Embracing  those  current  in  the  Drawing  Office, 
Pattern  Shop,  Foundry,  Fitting,  Turning,  Smiths',  and  Boiler  Shops,  &c.,  &c. 
Comprising  upwards  of  6,000  Definitions.  Edited  by  JOSEPH  G.  HORNER, 
A.M.I. M.E.  Third  Edition,  Revised,  with  Additions.  Crown  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.    Net  7/6 

"Just  the  sort  of  handy  dictionary  required  by  the  various  trades  engaged  in  mechanical  en- 
gineering. The  practical  engineering  pupil  will  find  the  book  of  great  value  in  his  studies,  and  every 
foreman  engineer  and  mechanic  should  have  a  copy." — Building  Nevis. 

TOOTHED    GEARING. 

A  Practical   Handbook  for  Offices  and  Workshops.     By  JOSEPH   HORNER, 

A.M.I.M.E.     With  184  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth         .        .        .     6/O 

"We  must  give  the  book  our  unqualified  praise  for  its  thoroughness  of  treatment,  and  we  can 

heartily  recommend  it  to  all  interested  as  the  most  practical  book  on  the  subject  yet  written."— 

Mechanical  World. 

FIRE   PROTECTION. 

A  Complete  Manual  of  the  Organisation,  Machinery,  Discipline  and  General 
Working  of  the  Fire  Brigade  of  London.  By  CAPTAIN  EYRE  M.  SHAW,  C.B., 
Chief  Officer,  Metropolitan  Fire  Brigade.  New  and  Revised  Edition,  Demy 
8vo,  cloth Net  5/O 

FIRES,    FIRE-ENGINES,    AND    FIRE    BRIGADES. 

With  a  History  of  Fire-Engines,  their  Construction,  Use,  and  Manage- 
ment ;  Foreign  Fire  Systems  ;  Hints  on  Fire- Brigades,  &c  By  CHARLES 

F.  T.  YOUNG,  C.E.     8vo,  cloth £1   48. 

"  To  such  of  our  readers  as  are  interested  in  the  subject  of  fires  and  fire  apparatus  we  can 
most  heartily  commend  this  book."— Engineering. 


MECHANICAL   ENGINEERING,   &c. 


STONE-WORKING    MACHINERY. 

A  Manual  dealing  with  the  Rapid  and  Economical  Conversion  of  Stone.    With 

Hints  on  the  Arrangement  and  Management  of  Stone  Works.     By  M.  Powis 

BALE,  M.I. M.E.     Second  Edition,  enlarged.     With  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo, 

cloth.  [Just  Published.     Q/Q 

"  The  book  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  mason  or  student  of  stonework." — Colliery 

Guardian. 

"  A  capital  handbook  for  all  who  manipulate  stone  for  building  or  ornamental  purposes."— 
Machinery  Market. 

PUMPS    AND    PUMPING. 

A  Handbook  for  Pump  Users.  Being  Notes  on  Selection,  Construction,  and 
Management.  By  M.  Powis  BALE,  M.I. M.E.  Fourth  Edition.  Crown 
8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  3/6 

"The  matter  is  set  forth  as  concisely  as  possible.  In  fact,  condensation  rather  than  diffuse- 
ness  has  been  the  author's  aim  throughout ;  yet  he  does  not  seem  to  have  omitted  anything  likely  to 
be  of  use."— Journal  of  Gas  Lighting. 

"  Thoroughly  practical  and  simply  and  clearly  written." — Glasgow  Herald. 

MILLING    MACHINES    AND    PROCESSES. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Shaping  Metals  by  Rotary  Cutters.  Including 
Information  on  Making  and  Grinding  the  Cutters.  By  PAUL  N.  HASLUCK, 
Author  of  "  Lathe-Work."  352pp.  With  upwards  of  300  Engravings.  Large 

crown  8vo,  cloth 1  2/6 

"  A  new  departure  in  engineering  literature.  .  .  .  We  can  recommend  this  work  to  all  in- 
terested in  milling  machines  ;  it  is  what  it  professes  to  be — a  practical  treatise." — Engineer. 

"  A  capital  and  reliable  book  which  will  no  doubt  be  of  considerable  service  both  to  those 
who  are  already  acquainted  with  the  process  as  well  as  to  those  who  contemplate  its  adoption."— 
Industries. 

LATHE=WORK. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Tools,  Appliances,   and  Processes  employed  in 

the  Art  of  Turning.     By  PAUL  N.  HASLUCK.     Seventh  Edition.     Crown  8vo, 

cloth.  [Just  Published.    5/Q 

"  Written  by  a  man  who  knows  not  only  how  work  ought  to  be  done,  but  who  also  knows  how 

to  do  it,  and  how  to  convey  his  knowledge  to  others.    To  all  turners  this  book  would  be  valuable."— 

Engineering. 

"  We  can  safely  recommend  the  work  to  young  engineers.  To  the  amateur  it  will  simply  be 
invaluable.  To  the  student  it  will  convey  a  great  deal  of  useful  information." — Engineer. 


SCREW-THREADS, 

And  Methods  of  Producing   Them.     With  numerous  Tables   and  complete 
Directions  for  using  Screw-Cutting  Lathes.     By  PAUL  N.  HASLUCK,  Author 
of  "  Lathe-Work,"  &c.       With  Seventy  -four    Illustrations.       Fifth  Edition. 
Waistcoat-pocket  size  ..........     1/6 

"  Full  of  useful  information,  hints  and  practical  criticism.     Taps,  dies,  and  screwing  tools 
generally  are  illustrated  and  their  actions  described."  —  Mechanical  World. 

"  It  is  a  complete  compendium  of  all  the  details  of  the  screw-cutting  lathe  ;  in  fact  a  ntultum- 
in-parvo  on  all  the  subjects  it  treats  upon."  —  Carpenter  and  Builder. 

TABLES  AND  MEMORANDA   FOR  ENGINEERS, 

MECHANICS,  ARCHITECTS,  BUILDERS,  &c. 

Selected  and  Arranged  by  FRANCIS  SMITH.     Sixth  Edition,  Revised,  including 

ELECTRICAL  TABLES,  FORMULA,  and  MEMORANDA.     Waistcoat-pocket  size, 

limp  leather.  [Just  Published.     1  /6 

"  It  would,  perhaps,  be  as  difficult  to  make  a  small  pocket-book  selection  of  notes  and  formulae 

to  suit  ALL  engineers  as  it  would  be  to  make  a  universal  medicine  ;  but  Mr.  Smith's  waistcoat- 

pocket  collection  may  be  looked  upon  as  a  successful  attempt."—  Engineer. 

"  The  best  example  we  have  ever  seen  of  270  pages  of  useful  matter  packed  into  the  dimen- 
sions of  a  card-case."—  Building  News,  "  A  veritable  pocket  treasury  of  knowledge."—  Iron 

POCKET    GLOSSARY    OF   TECHNICAL   TERMS. 

English-French,  French-English  ;  with  Tables  suitable  for  the  Architectural, 
Engineering,  Manufacturing,  and  Nautical  Professions.  By  JOHN  JAMES 
FLETCHER,  Engineer  and  Surveyor.  Third  Edition,  200  pp.  Waistcoat- 
pocket  size,  limp  leather.  [Just  Published.  1  /6 


"  It  is  a  very  great  advantage  for  readers  and  correspondents  in  France  and  England  to  have 
so  large  a  number  of  the  words  relating  to  engineering  and  manufacturers  collected  in  a  lilliputian 
volume.  The  little  book  will  be  useful  both  to  students  and  travellers."  —  Architect. 


"  The  glossary  of  terms  is  very  complete,  and  many  of  the  Tables  are  new  and  well  arranged 
We  cordially  commend  the  book.  —Mechanical  World. 


CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD   &  SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


THE    ENGINEER'S    YEAR    BOOK    FOR    1901. 

Comprising  Formulae,  Rules,  Tables,  Data  and  Memoranda  in  Civil,  Mechanical, 

Electrical,  Marine  and  Mine  Engineering.    By  H.  R.  KEMPE,  A.M.  Inst.  C.E., 

M.I.E.E.,  Technical   Officer  of  the  Engineer-in-Chief's  Office,  General  Post 

Office,    London,   Author    of    "A   Handbook  of  Electrical   Testing,"   "The 

Electrical  Engineer 'sPocket-Book,"&c.  With  about  1,000  Illustrations,  specially 

Engraved  for  the  work.    Crown  8vo,  800  pp.,  leather.      [Just  Published.     8/O 

"  Represents  an  enormous  quantity  of  work,  and  forms  a  desirable  book  of  reference." — The 

Engineer. 

"The  volume  is  distinctly  in  advance  of  most  similar  publications  in  this  country."— 
Engineering. 

"  This  valuable  and  well-designed  book  of  reference  meets  the  demands  of  all  descriptions  of 
engineers."— Saturday  Review. 

"  Teems  with  up-to-date  information  in  every  branch  of  engineering  and  construction."— 
Building  Nevus. 

"  The  needs  of  the  engineering  profession  could  hardly  be  supplied  in  a  more  admirable, 
complete  and  convenient  form.  To  say  that  it  more  than  sustains  all  comparisons  is  praise  of  the 
highest  sort,  and  that  may  justly  be  said  of  it." — Mining-  Journal. 

"  There  is  certainly  room  for  the  newcomer,  which  supplies  explanations  and  directions,  as 
well  as  formulae  and  tables.  It  deserves  to  become  one  of  the  most  successful  of  the  technical 
annuals. " — A  rchitect. 

"  Brings  together  with  great  skill  all  the  technical  information  which  an  engineer  has  to  use 
day  by  day.  It  is  in  every  way  admirably  equipped,  and  is  sure  to  prove  successful." — Scotsman. 

"  The  up-to-dateness  of  Mr.  Kempe's  compilation  is  a  quality  that  will  not  be  lost  on  the  bury 
people  for  whom  the  work  is  intended." — Glasgow  Herald. 

THE    PORTABLE    ENGINE. 

A  Practical  Manual  on  its  Construction  and  Management.  For  the  use 
of  Owners  and  Users  of  Steam  Engines  generally.  By  WILLIAM  DYSON 

WANSBROUGH.     Crown  8vo,  cloth 3/6 

"  This  is  a  work  of  value  to  those  who  use  steam  machinery.  .  .  .  Should  be  read  by  every 
one  who  has  a  steam  engine,  on  a  farm  or  elsewhere." — Mark  Lane  Express. 

"  We  cordially  commend  this  work  to  buyers  and  owners  of  steam-engines,  and  to  those  who 
have  to  do  with  their  construction  or  use." — Timber  Trades  Journal. 

"  Such  a  general  knowledge  of  the  steam-engine  as  Mr.  Wansbrough  furnishes  to  the  reader 
should  be  acquired  by  all  intelligent  owners  and  others  who  use  the  steam-engine. " — Building  News. 
"  An  excellent  text-book  of  this  useful  form  of  engine.    The  '  Hints  to  Purchasers '  contain  a 
good  deal  of  common-sense  and  practical  wisdom."— English  Mechanic. 

IRON    AND    STEEL. 

A  Work  for  the  Forge,  Foundry,  Factory,  and  Office.  Containing  ready, 
useful,  and  trustworthy  Information  for  Ironmasters  and  their  Stock-takers ; 
Managers  of  Bar,  Rail,  Plate,  and  Sheet  Rolling  Mills;  Iron  and  Metal 
Founders ;  Iron  Ship  and  Bridge  Builders ;  Mechanical,  Mining,  and  Con- 
sulting Engineers ;  Architects,  Contractors,  Builders,  &c.  By  CHARLES  Ho  ARE, 
Author  of  "The  Slide  Rule,"  &c.  Ninth  Edition.  32010,  leather  .  6/O 

"  For  comprehensiveness  the  book  has  not  its  equal." — Iron. 

"  One  of  the  best  of  the  pocket  books."— English  Mechanic. 

CONDENSED    MECHANICS. 

A  Selection  of  Formulae,  Rules,  Tables,  and  Data  for  the  Use  of  Engineering 
Students,  Science  Classes,  &c.  In  accordance  with  the  Requirements  of  the 
Science  and  Art  Department.  By  W.  G.  CRAWFORD  HUGHES,  A.M.I.C.E. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth 2/6 

"  The  book  is  well  fitted  for  those  who  are  either  confronted  with  practical  problems  in 
their  work,  or  are  preparing  for  examination  and  wish  to  refresh  their  knowledge  by  going  through 
their  formulae  again." — Marine  Engineer. 

"It  is  well  arranged,  and  meets  the  wants  of  those  for  whom  it  is  intended." — Rail-way  News. 

THE    SAFE    USE    OF    STEAM. 

Containing  Rules  for  Unprofessional  Steam  Users.  By  an  ENGINEER.  Seventh 
Edition.  Sewed 60. 

"  If  steam-users  would  but  leam  this  little  book  by  heart,  boiler  explosions  would  become 
sensations  by  their  rarity."— English  Mechanic. 


MECHANICAL     ENGINEERING,     &c. 


THE  LOCOMOTIVE  ENGINE. 

The  Autobiography  of  an  Old  Locomotive  Engine.  By  ROBERT  WEATHER- 
BURN,  M.I.M.E.  With  Illustrations  and  Portraits  of  GEORGE  and  ROBERT 
STEPHENSON.  Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  Net  2/6 

SUMMARY  OF  CONTENTS  :  — PROLOGUE.— CYLINDERS.— MOTIONS.— CONNECTING 
RODS  —FRAMKS.— WHEELS.— PUMPS,  CLACKS,  &c.— INJECTORS.— BOILERS.— SMOKE  Box. 
—CHIMNEY.— WEATHER  BOARD  AND  AWNING.— INTERNAL  DISSENSIONS.— ENGINE 
DRIVERS,  &c. 

"  It  would  be  difficult  to  imagine  anything  more  ingeniously  planned,  more  cleverly  worked 
out,  and  more  charmingly  written.  Readers  cannot  fail  to  find  the  volume  most  enjoyable."— 
Glasgo-w  Herald.  * 

THE  LOCOMOTIVE  ENGINE  AND  ITS  DEVELOPMENT. 

A  Popular  Treatise  on  the  Gradual  Improvements  made  in  Railway  Engines 
between  1803  and  1896.  By  CLEMENT  E.  STRETTON,  C.E.  Fifth  Edition, 
Enlarged.  With  120  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  3/6 

"  Students  of  railway  history  and  all  who  are  interested  in  the  evolution  of  the  modem 
locomotive  will  find  much  to  attract  and  entertain  in  this  volume."—  The  Times. 

LOCOMOTIVE  ENGINE  DRIVING. 

A  Practical  Manual  for  Engineers  in  Charge  of  Locomotive  Engines.  By 
MICHAEL  REYNOLDS,  Member  of  the  Society  of  Engineers,  formerly  Loco- 
motive Inspector,  L.  B.  &  S.  C.  R.  Eleventh  Edition.  Including  a  KEY  TO 

THE   LOCOMOTIVE    ENGINE.     Crown  8vo,  cloth 4/6 

"  Mr.  Reynolds  has  supplied  a  want,  and  has  supplied  it  well.  We  can  confidently  recom- 
mend the  book  not  only  to  the  practical  driver,  but  to  everyone  who  takes  an  interest  in  the 
performance  of  locomotive  engines." — The  Engineer. 

"Mr.  Reynolds  has  opened  a  new  chapter  in  the  literature  of  the  day.  His  treatise  is 
admirable. ' ' — A  thenaum. 

THE  MODEL  LOCOMOTIVE  ENGINEER, 

Fireman,  and  Engine-Boy.     Comprising  a  Historical  Notice  of  the  Pioneer 

Locomotive  Engines  and  their  Inventors.     By  MICHAEL  REYNOLDS.     Second 

Edition,  with  Revised  Appendix.     Crown  8vo,  cloth.    [Just  Published.     4/6 

"  From  the  technical  knowledge  of  the  author,  it  will  appeal  to  the  railway  man  of  to-day 

more  forcibly  than  anything  written  by  Dr.  Smiles.     .     .     .     The  volume  contains  information  of  a 

technical  kind,  and  facts  that  every  driver  should  be  familiar  with." — English  Mechanic. 

"  We  should  be  glad  to  see  this  book  in  the  possession  of  everyone  in  the  kingdom  who  has 
ever  laid,  or  is  to  lay,  hands  on  a  locomotive  engine." — Iron. 

CONTINUOUS  RAILWAY  BRAKES. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  several  Systems  in  Use  in  the  United  Kingdom  ' 
their  Construction  and  Performance.  With  copious  Illustrations  and  numerous 

Tables.  By  MICHAEL  REYNOLDS.  8vo,  cloth 9/O 

"  A  popular  explanation  of  the  different  brakes.  It  will  be  of  great  assistance  in  forming 

public  opinion,  and  will  be  studied  with  benefit  by  those  who  take  an  interest  in  the  brake."— English 

Mechanic. 

STATIONARY  ENGINE  DRIVING. 

A   Practical   Manual    or  Engineers  in  Charge  ot   Stationary  Engines.     By 

MICHAEL  REYNOLDS.     Sixth  Edition.     Crown  8vo,  cloth      .         .        .     4/6 

"  The  author  is  thoroughly  acquainted  with  his  subjects,  and  his  advice  on  the  various  points 

treated  is  clear  and  practical.    ...     He  has  produced  a  manual  which  is  an  exceedingly  useful 

one  for  the  class  for  whom  it  is  specially  intended." — Engineering. 

"  Our  author  leaves  no  stone  unturned.  He  is  determined  that  his  readers  shall  not  only 
know  something  about  the  stationary  engine,  but  all  about  it." — Engineer. 

ENGINE-DRIVING  LIFE. 

Stirring   Adventure     and    Incidents    in   the    Lives    of    Locomotive    Engine- 
Drivers.     By  MICHAEL  REYNOLDS.    Third  Edition.     Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  1/6 
"  Perfectly  fascinating.     Wilkie  Collins's  most  thrilling  conceptions  are  thrown   into  the 
shade  by  true  incidents,  endless  in  their  variety,  related  in  every  page."— North  British  Mail. 

THE  ENGINEMAN'S  POCKET  COMPANION, 

And  Practical  Educator  for  Enginemen,  Boiler  Attendants,  and  Mechanics. 

By  MICHAEL  REYNOLDS.     With  45  Illustrations  and  numerous  Diagrams. 

Fourth  Edition,  Revised.     Royal  i8mo,  strongly  bound  for  pocket  wear  3/6 

"This  admirable  work  is  well  suited  to  accomplish  its  object,  being  the  honest  workmanship 

of  a  competent  engineer."— Glasgow  Herald. 


io          CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD   S>  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 

CIVIL  ENGINEERING,  SURVEYING,  &c. 
LIGHT  RAILWAYS  FOR  THE  UNITED  KINGDOM, 

INDIA,    AND    THE    COLONIES. 

A  Practical  Handbook  setting  forth  the  Principles  on  which  Light  Railways 
should  be  Constructed,  Worked,  and  Financed  ;  and  detailing  the  Cost  of 
Construction,  Equipment,  Revenue  and  Working  Expenses  of  Local  Railways 
already  established  in  the  above-mentioned  countries,  and  in  Belgium,  France, 
Switzerland,  &c.  By  J.  C.  MACKAY,  F.G.S.,  A.M.  Inst.  C.E.  Illustrated 
with  Plates  and  Diagrams.  Medium  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  "|  5/Q 

"  Mr.  Mackay's  volume  is  clearly  and  concisely  written,  admirably  arranged,  and  freely 

Illustrated.     The  book  is  exactly  what  has  been  long  wanted.     We  recommend  it  to  all  interested 

in  the  subject.     It  is  sure  to  have  a  wide  sale." — Rail-way  News. 

TUNNELLING. 

A  Practical  Treatise.  By  CHARLES  PRELINI,  C.E,  With  additions  by 
CHARLES  S.  HILL,  C.E.  Including  150  Diagrams  and  Illustrations.  Royal 
8vo,  cloth.  [ Just  Published.  Net  1  6/O 

PRACTICAL   TUNNELLING. 

Explaining  in  detail  Setting-out  the  Works,  Shaft-sinking,  and  Heading-driving, 
Ranging  the  Lines  and  Levelling  underground,  Sub-Excavating,  Timbering 
and  the  Construction  of  the  Brickwork  of  Tunnels,  with  the  amount  of  Labour 
required  for,  and  the  Cost  of,  the  various  portions  of  the  work.  By  FREDERICK 
W.  SIMMS,  M.  Inst.  C.E.  Fourth  Edition,  Revised  and  Further  Extended, 
including  the  most  recent  (1895)  Examples  of  Sub-aqueous  and  other  Tunnels, 
by  D.  KINNEAR  CLARK,  M.  Inst.  C.E.  Imperial  8vo,  with  34  Folding  Plates 
and  other  Illustrations.  Cloth.  [Just  Published.  £2  2s. 

"The  present  (1896)  edition  has  been  brought  right  up  to  date,  and  is  thus  rendered  a  work  to 
which  civil  engineers  generally  should  have  ready  access,  and  to  which  engineers  who  have  con- 
struction work  can  hardly  afford  to  be  without,  but  which  to  the  younger  members  of  the  profession 
is  invaluable,  as  from  its  pages  they  can  learn  the  state  to  which  the  science  of  tunnelling  has 
attained." — Railway  News. 

"  The  estimation  in  which  Mr.  Simms's  book  has  been  held  for  many  years  cannot  be  more 
truly  expressed  than  in  the  words  of  the  late  Prof.  Rankine :  '  The  best  source  of  information  on 
the  subject  of  tunnels  is  Mr.  F.  W.  Simms's  work  on  Practical  Tunnelling.'  " — Architect. 

THE   WATER   SUPPLY    OF  TOWNS    AND   THE   CON- 
STRUCTION  OF   WATER-WORKS. 

A  Practical  Treatise  for  the  Use  of  Engineers  and  Students  of  Engineering. 
By  W.  K.  BURTON,  A.M.  Inst.  C.E.,  Professor  of  Sanitary  Engineering  in  the 
Imperial  University,  Tokyo,  Japan,  and  Consulting  Engineer  to  the  Tokyo 
Water-works.  Second  Edition,  Revised  and  Extended.  With  numerous 
Plates  and  Illustrations.  Super-royal  8vo,  buckram.  [Just  Published.  25/O 

I.   INTRODUCTORY.  —  II.   DIFFERENT    QUALITIES    OF    WATER.  —  III.   QUANTITY    OF 

WATER  TO  BE  PROVIDED.— IV.  ON  ASCERTAINING  WHETHER  A  PROPOSED  SOURCE  OF 
SUPPLY  is  SUFFICIENT. —  V.  ON  ESTIMATING  THE  STORAGE  CAPACITY  REQUIRED 
TO  BE  PROVIDED.— VI.  CLASSIFICATION  OF  WATER-WORKS.— VII.  IMPOUNDING  RESER- 
VOIRS.—VIII.  EARTHWORK  DAMS.— IX.  MASONRY  DAMS.— X.  THE  PURIFICATION  OF 
WATER.— XI.  SETTLING  RESERVOIRS.— XII.  SAND  FILTRATION.— XIII.  PURIFICATION 
OF  WATER  BY  ACTION  OF  IRON,  SOFTENING  OF  WATER  BY  ACTION  OF  LIME,  NATURAL 
FILTRATION.— XIV.  SERVICE  OR  CLEAN  WATER  RESERVOIRS— WATER  TOWERS— STAND 
PIPES.— XV.  THE  CONNECTION  OF  SETTLING  RESERVOIRS,  FILTER  BEDS  AND  SERVICE 
RESERVOIRS.— XVI.  PUMPING  MACHINERY.— XVII.  FLOW  OF  WATER  IN  CONDUITS- 
PIPES  AND  OPEN  CHANNELS.— XVIII.  DISTRIBUTION  SYSTEMS.— XIX.  SPECIAL  PRO- 
VISIONS FOR  THE  EXTINCTION  OF  FIRE.— XX.  PIPES  FOR  WATER-WORKS.— XXI.  PRE- 
VENTION OF  WASTE  OF  WATER.— XXII.  VARIOUS  APPLICATIONS  USED  IN  CONNECTION 
WITH  WATER-WORKS. 

APPENDIX  I.  By  PROF.  JOHN  MILNE,  F.R.S.— CONSIDERATIONS  CONCERNING  THE 
PROBABLE  EFFECTS  OF  EARTHQUAKES  ON  WATER-WORKS,  AND  THE  SPECIAL  PRE- 
CAUTIONS  TO  BE  TAKEN  IN  EARTHQUAKE  COUNTRIES. 

APPENDIX  II.     By  JOHN    DE    RIJKE,  C.E.— ON  SAND    DUNES  AND  DUNE  SAND  AS 

A  SOURCE  OF  WATER  SUPPLY. 

"  The  chapter  upon  filtration  of  water  is  very  complete,  and  the  details  of  construction  well 
Illustrated.  .  .  .  The  work  should  be  specially  valuable  to  civil  engineers  engaged  in  work  in 
Japan,  but  the  interest  is  by  no  means  confined  to  that  locality." — Engineer. 

"  We  congratulate  the  author  upon  the  practical  commonsense  shown  in  the  preparation  of 
this  work.  .  .  .  The  plates  and  diagrams  have  evidently  been  prepared  with  great  care,  and 
cannot  fail  to  be  of  great  assistance  to  the  student." — Builder. 

"  The  whole  art  of  water- works  construction  is  dealt  with  in  a  clear  and  comprehensive  fashion 
In  this  handsome  volume.  .  .  .  Mr.  Burton's  practical  treatise  shows  in  all  its  sections  the  fruit 
of  independent  study  and  individual  experience.  It  is  largely  based  upon  his  own  practice  in  the 
branch  of  engineering  of  which  it  treats."— Saturda  Review. 


CIVIL  ENGINEERING,   SURVEYING,   &c.  n 

THE    WATER   SUPPLY    OF    CITIES    AND    TOWNS. 

By  WILLIAM  HUMBER,  A.  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  and  M.  Inst  M.E.,  Author  of  "  Cast 
and  Wrought  Iron  Bridge  Construction,"  &c.,  &c.  Illustrated  with  50  Double 
Plates,  i  Single  Plate,  Coloured  Frontispiece,  and  upwards  of  250  Woodcuts, 
and  containing  400  pp.  of  Text.  Imp.  410,  elegantly  and  substantially 

half-bound  in  morocco Net  £6  6s. 

LIST  OF  CONTENTS. 

I.  HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF  SOME  OF  THE  MEANS  THAT  HAVE  BEEN  ADOPTED  FOR 
THE  SUPPLY  OF  WATER  TO  CITIES  AND  TOWNS.— II.  WATER  AND  THE  FOREIGN  MATTER 

USUALLY  ASSOCIATED  WITH    IT.— III.    RAINFALL  AND  EVAPORATION.— IV.    SPRINGS  AND 

THE  WATER-BEARING  FORMATIONS  OF  VARIOUS  DISTRICTS.— V.  MEASUREMENT  AND 
ESTIMATION  OF  THE  FLOW  OF  WATER.— VI.  ON  THE  SELECTION  OF  THE  SOURCE  OF 
SUPPLY.— VII.  WELLS.— VIII.  RESERVOIRS.— IX.  THE  PURIFICATION  OF  WATER.— 
X.  PUMPS.— XI.  PUMPING  MACHINERY.— XII.  CONDUITS.— XIII.  DISTRIBUTION  OF  WATER. 
—XIV.  METERS,  SERVICE  PIPES,  AND  HOUSE  FITTINGS.— XV.  THE  LAW  OF  ECONOMY  OF 
WATER-WORKS.— XVI.  CONSTANT  AND  INTERMITTENT  SUPPLY.— XVII.  DESCRIPTION  OF 
PLATES.— APPENDICES,  GIVING  TABLES  OF  RATES  OF  SUPPLY,  VELOCITIES,  &c.,  &c., 

TOGETHER  WITH  SPECIFICATIONS  OF  SEVERAL  WORKS  ILLUSTRATED,  AMONG  WHICH 
WILL  BE  FOUND  :  ABERDEEN,  BlDEFORD,  CANTERBURY,  DUNDEE,  HALIFAX,  LAMBETH, 
ROTHERHAM,  DUBLIN,  AND  OTHERS. 

"  The  most  systematic  and  valuable  work  upon  water  supply  hitherto  produced  in  English,  or 
In  any  other  language.  It  is  characterised  almost  throughout  by  an  exhaustiveness  much  more 
distinctive  of  French  and  German  than  of  English  technical  treatises." — Engineer. 

RURAL    WATER    SUPPLY. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  the  Supply  of  Water  and  Construction  of  Water- 
works for  small  Country  Districts.  By  ALLAN  GREENWELL,  A.M.I.C.E.. 
and  W.  T.  CURRY,  A.M.I.C.E.,  F.G.S.  With  Illustrations.  Second  Edition, 
Revised.  Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  5/Q 

"We  conscientiously  recommend  it  as  a  very  useful  book  for  those  concerned  in  obtaining 
water  for  small  districts,  giving  a  great  deal  of  practical  information  in  a  small  compass." — Builder. 

"  The  volume  contains  valuable  information  upon  all  matters  connected  with  water  supply. 
.  .  .  Full  of  details  on  points  which  are  continually  before  water- works  engineers." — Nature. 

HYDRAULIC  POWER  ENGINEERING. 

A  Practical  Manual  on  the  Concentration  and  Transmission  of  Power  by 
Hydraulic  Machinery.  By  G.  CROYDON  MARKS,  A.M.  Inst.  C.E.  With 
nearly  200  Illustrations.  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  Net  9/O 

SUMMARY  OF  CONTENTS  :— PRINCIPLES  OF  HYDRAULICS.— THE  OBSERVED  FLOW 
OF  WATER.— HYDRAULIC  PRESSURES,  MATERIAL.— TEST  LOAD  PACKINGS  FOR  SLIDING 
SURFACES.— PIPE  JOINTS.— CONTROLLING  VALVES.— PLATFORM  LIFTS.— WORKSHOP, 
FACTORY,  AND  DOCK  CRANES.— HYDRAULIC  ACCUMULATORS.— PRESSES.— SHEET  METAL 
WORKING  AND  FORGING  MACHINERY.— HYDRAULIC  RIVETTERS.— HAND,  POWER  AND 
STEAM  PUMPS.— TURBINES.— IMPULSE  AND  RE-ACTION  TURBINES.— DESIGN  OF  TUR 
BINES.— WATER  WHEELS.— HYDRAULIC  ENGINES.— RECENT  ACHIEVEMENTS.— TABLES 

"We  have  nothing  but  praise  for  this  thoroughly  valuable  work.  The  author  has  succeeded 
in  rendering  his  subject  interesting  as  well  as  instructive." — Practical  Engineer. 

"Can  be  unhesitatingly  recommended  as  a  useful  and  up-to-date  manual  on  hydraulic  trans- 
mission and  utilisation  of  power." — Mechanical  World. 

HYDRAULIC  TABLES,  CO-EFFICIENTS,  &  FORMULA. 

For  Finding  the  Discharge  of  Water  from  Orifices,  Notches,  Weirs,  Pipes,  and 
Rivers.  With  New  Formulae,  Tables,  and  General  Information  on  Rain-fall, 
Catchment-Basins,  Drainage,  Sewerage,  Water  Supply  for  Towns  and  Mill 
Power.  By  JOHN  NEVILLE,  Civil  Engineer,  M.R.I. A.  Third  Edition, 
revised,  with  additions.  Numerous  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  1 4/O 
"  It  is,  of  all  English  books  on  the  subject,  the  one  nearest  to  completeness."— Architect. 

HYDRAULIC    MANUAL. 

Consisting  of  Working  Tables  and  Explanatory  Text.  Intended  as  a  Guide  in 
Hydraulic  Calculations  and  Field  Operations.  By  Lowis  D'A.  JACKSON, 
Author  of  "Aid  to  Survey  Practice,"  "Modern  Metrology,"  &c.  Fourth 

Edition,  Enlarged.     Large  crown  8vo,  cloth "|  Q/Q 

_ "  The  author  has  constructed  a  manual  which  may  be  accepted  as  a  trustworthy  guide 
to  this  branch  of  the  engineer's  profession." — Engineering. 

WATER    ENGINEERING. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Measurement,  Storage,  Conveyance,  and  Utilisa- 
tion of  Water  for  the  Supply  of  Towns,  for  Mill  Power,  and  for  other  Purposes. 
By  C.  SLAGG,  A.  M.  Inst.  C.E.     Second  Edition.     Crown  8vo,  cloth  .     7/6 
"  As  a  small  practical  treatise  on  the  water  supply  of  towns,  and  on  some  applications  of  water- 
power,  the  work  is  in  many  respects  excellent."— Engineering. 


12         CROSBY  LOCKWOOD   <£  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 
THE  RECLAMATION  OF  LAND  FROM  TIDAL  WATERS. 

A  Handbook  for  Engineers,  Landed  Proprietors,  and  others  interested  in 
Works  of  Reclamation.  By  ALEXANDER  BEAZELEY,  M.Inst.  C.E.  With 
Illustrations.  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  Net  1 Q/6 

"  The  book  shows  in  a  concise  way  what  has  to  be  done  in  reclaiming  land  from  the  sea,  and 
the  best  way  of  doing  it.  The  work  contains  a  great  deal  of  practical  and  useful  information  which 
cannot  fail  to  be  of  service  to  engineers  entrusted  with  the  enclosure  of  salt  marshes,  and  to  land- 
owners intending  to  reclaim  land  from  the  sea." — The  Engineer. 

"  The  author  has  carried  out  his  task  efficiently  and  well,  and  his  book  contains  a  large 
amount  of  information  of  great  service  to  engineers  and  others  interested  in  works  of  reclamation." 
— Nature. 

MASONRY  DAMS   FROM   INCEPTION  TO  COMPLETION. 

Including  numerous  Formulae,  Forms  of  Specification  and  Tender,  Pocket 
Diagram  of  Forces,  &c.  For  the  use  of  Civil  and  Mining  Engineers.  By 
C.  F.  COURTNEY,  M.  Inst.  C.E.  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  Q/Q 


The  volume  contains  a  good  deal  of  valuable  data,  and  furnishes  the  engineer  with  practical 
The  author  deals  with  his  subject  from  the  inception  to  the  finish.     Many  useful  sugges- 
tions will  be  found  in    the  remarks  on  site    and    position,  location    of  dam,  foundations    and 


advice.     The  author  deals  with  his  subject  from  the  inception  to  the  finish.     Many  useful  sugges- 
tions will  be  found  in    the  rem    ' 
construction. " — Building  News. 

RIVER    BARS. 

The  Causes  of  their  Formation,  and  their  Treatment  by  "  Induced  Tidal 
Scour " ;  with  a  Description  of  the  Successful  Reduction  by  this  Method  of 
the  Bar  at  Dublin.  By  I.  J.  MANN,  Assist.  Eng.  to  the  Dublin  Port  and  Docks 
Board.  Royal  8vo,  cloth 7/6 

"  We  recommend  all  interested  in  harbour  works — and,  indeed,  those  concerned  in  the 
improvements  of  rivers  generally — to  read  Mr.  Mann's  interesting  work." — Engineer. 

TRAMWAYS:  THEIR  CONSTRUCTION  AND  WORKING. 

Embracing  a  Comprehensive   History  of  the   System ;   with  an   exhaustive 

Analysis  of  the  Various  Modes  of  Traction,  including  Horse  Power,  Steam, 

Cable  Traction,    Electric   Traction,    &c.  ;  a  Description   of  the   Varieties   of 

Rolling   Stock ;   and   ample   Details  of  Cost   and  Working  Expenses.     New 

Edition,  Thoroughly  Revised,  and  Including  the  Progress  recently  made  in 

Tramway  Construction,   &c.,   &c.     By  D.  KINNEAR   CLARK,    M.  Inst.  C.E. 

With  400  Illustrations.     8vo,  780  pp.,  buckram.  [Just  Published.     28/O 

"  The  new  volume  is  one  which  will  rank,  among  tramway  engineers  and  those  interested  in 

tramway  working,  with  the  Author's  world-famed  book  on  railway  machinery." — The  Engineer. 

PRACTICAL    SURVEYING. 

A  Text-Book  for  Students  preparing  for  Examinations  or  for  Survey-work  in 
the  Colonies.  By  GEORGE  W.  USILL,  A.M.I. C.E.  With  4  Plates  and  up- 
wards  of  330  Illustrations.  Seventh  Edition.  Including  Tables  of  Natural  Sines, 
Tangents,  Secants,  &c.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  7/6  J  or,  on  THIN  PAPER,  leather, 

gilt  edges,  for  pocket  use 1  2/6 

"  The  best  forms  of  instruments  are  described  as  to  their  construction,  uses  and  modes 
of  employment,  and  there  are  innumerable  hints  on  work  and  equipment  such  as  the  author,  in 
his  experience  as  surveyor,  draughtsman  and  teacher,  has  found  necessary,  and  which  the  student 
In  his  inexperience  will  find  most  serviceable." — Engineer. 

"  The  latest  treatise  in  the  English  language  on  surveying,  and  we  have  no  hesitation  in  say- 
ing that  the  student  will  find  it  a  better  guide  than  any  of  its  predecessors.  Deserves  to  be 
recognised  as  the  first  book  which  should  be  put  in  the  hands  of  a  pupil  of  Civil  Engineering."— 
Architect. 

SURVEYING  WITH  THE  TACHEOMETER. 

A  practical  Manual  for  the  use  of  Civil  and  Military  Engineers  and  Surveyors. 
Including  two  series  of  Tables  specially  computed  for  the  Reduction  of 
Readings  in  Sexagesimal  and  in  Centesimal  Degrees.  By  NEIL  KENNEDY, 
M.  Inst.  C.E.  With  Diagrams  and  Plates.  Demy  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.     Net  1  O/6 

"  The  work  is  very  clearly  written,  and  should  remove  all  difficulties  in  the  way  of  any  surveyor 
desirous  of  making  use  of  this  useful  and  rapid  instrument." — Nature. 

AID    TO    SURVEY    PRACTICE. 

For  Reference  in  Surveying,  Levelling,  and  Setting-out ;  and  in  Route  Sur- 
veys of  Travellers  by  Land  and  Sea.     With  Tables,  Illustrations,  and  Records. 
By  Lowis  D'A.  JACKSON,  A.M.I.C.E.      8vo,  cloth    ....     12/6 
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"  The  author  brings  to  his  work  a  fortunate  union  of  theory  and  practical  experience  which, 
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CIVIL  ENGINEERING,  SURVEYING,   &>c.  13 

ENGINEER'S  &  MINING    SURVEYOR'S   FIELD   BOOK. 

Consisting  of  a  Series  of  Tables,  with  Rules,  Explanations  of  Systems,  and 
use  of  Theodolite  for  Traverse  Surveying  and  plotting  the  work  with  minute 
accuracy  by  means  of  Straight  Edge  and  Set  Square  only  ;  Levelling  with  the 
Theodolite,  Casting-out  and  Reducing  Levels  to  Datum,  and  Plotting  Sections 
in  the  ordinary  manner ;  Setting-out  Curves  with  the  Theodolite  by  Tangential 
Angles  and  Multiples  with  Right  and  Left-hand  Readings  of  the  Instrument ; 
Setting-out  Curves  without  Theodolite  on  the  System  of  Tangential  Angles  by 
Sets  of  Tangents  and  Offsets  ;  and  Earthwork  Tables  to  80  feet  deep,  calcu- 
lated for  every  6  inches  in  depth.  By  W.  DAVIS  HASKOLL,  C.E.  With 
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''Every  person  engaged  in  engineering  field  operations  will  estimate  the  importance  of  such 
Itheam  '  '  "  •'  


a  work  and  the  amount  of  valuable  time  which  will  be  saved  by  reference  to  a  set  of  reliable  tables 
prepared  with  the  accuracy  and  fulness  of  those  given  in  this  volume." — Rail-way  News. 

LAND    AND    MARINE    SURVEYING. 

In  Reference  to  the  Preparation  of  Plans  for  Roads  and  Railways  ;  Canals, 
Rivers,    Towns'   Water   Supplies ;   Docks  and   Harbours.     With   Description 
and  Use  of  Surveying  Instruments.     By  W.  DAVIS  HASKOLL,  C.E.     Second 
Edition,  Revised,  with  Additions.     Large  crown  8vo,  cloth     .         .         .     9/O 
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"  A  most  useful  book  for  the  student.  We  strongly  recommend  it  as  a  carefully-written 
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"This  volume  cannot  fail  to  prove  of  the  utmost  practical  utility.  It  may  be  safely  recom- 
mended to  all  students  who  aspire  to  become  clean  and  expert  surveyors." — Mining-  Journal. 

PRINCIPLES    AND    PRACTICE    OF    LEVELLING. 

Showing  its  Application  to  Purposes  of  Railway  and  Civil  Engineering  in 
the  Construction  of  Roads  ;  with  Mr.  TELFORD'S  Rules  for  the  same.  By 
FREDERICK  W.  SIMMS,  F.G.S.,  M.  Inst.  C.E.  Eighth  Edition,  with  the 
addition  of  LAW'S  Practical  Examples  for  Setting-out  Railway  Curves,  and 
TRAUTWINE'S  Field  Practice  of  Laying-out  Circular  Curves.  With  7  Plates 

and  numerous  Woodcuts,  8vo,  cloth 8/6 

***  TRAUTWINE  on  CURVES  may  be  had  separate  .  .  .  .  .  5/Q 

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"The  publishers  have  rendered  a  substantial  service  to  the  profession,  especially  to  the 
younger  members,  by  bringing  out  the  present  edition  of  Mr.  Simms's  useful  work." — Engineering. 

AN  OUTLINE  OF  THE  METHOD  OF  CONDUCTING 

A   TRIGONOMETRICAL   SURVEY. 

For  the  Formation  of  Geographical  and  Topographical  Maps  and  Plans,  Mili- 
tary Reconnaissance,  LEVELLING,  &c.,  with  Useful  Problems,  Formulae, 
and  Tables.     By  Lieut. -General  FROME,  R.E.     Fourth  Edition,  Revised  and 
partly  Re-written  by  Major-General  Sir  CHARLES  WARREN,  G.C.M.G.,  R.E. 
With  19  Plates  and  115  Woodcuts,  royal  8vo,  cloth        ....     1  6/O 
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necessary  to  bring  every  portion  of  the  contents  up  to  the  present  date."— Broad  Arrow. 

TABLES  OF  TANGENTIAL  ANGLES  AND  MULTIPLES 

FOR   SETTING-OUT    CURVES. 

From  5  to  200  Radius.  By  A.  BEAZELEY,  M.  Inst.  C.E.  6th  Edition, 
Revised.  With  an  Appendix  on  the  use  of  the  Tables  for  Measuring  up 
Curves.  Printed  on  50  Cards,  and  sold  in  a  cloth  box,  waistcoat-pocket  size 

[Just  Published.     3/6 

"  Each  table  is  printed  on  a  card,  which,  placed  on  the  theodolite,  leaves  the  hands  free 
to  manipulate  the  instrument — no  small  advantage  as  regards  the  rapidity  of  work." — Engineer. 

"  Very  handy  :  a  man  may  know  that  all  his  day's  work  must  fall  on  two  of  these  cards,  which 
he  puts  into  his  own  card-case,  and  leaves  the  rest  behind."— A  thenceum. 

HANDY    GENERAL    EARTH-WORK   TABLES. 

Giving  the  Contents  in  Cubic  Yards  of  Centre  and  Slopes  of  Cuttings  and 
Embankments  from  3  inches  to  80  feet  in  Depth  or  Height,  for  use  with  either 
66  feet  Chain  or  100  feet  Chain.  By  J.  H.  WATSON  BUCK,  M.  Inst.  C.E. 
On  a  Sheet  mounted  in  cloth  case.  [Just  Published.  3/6 


14          CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD  &  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 
EARTHWORK   TABLES. 

Showing  the  Contents  in  Cubic  Yards  of  Embankments,  Cuttings,  &c.,  of 
Heights  or  Depths  up  to  an  average  of  80  feet.     By  JOSEPH  BROADBENT,  C.E., 

and  FRANCIS  CAMPIN,  C.E.     Crown  8vo,  cloth 5/O 

The  way  in  which  accuracy  is  attained,  by  a  simple  division  of  each  cross  section   nto  three 
two  in  which  are  constant  and  one  variable,  is  ingenious."— Athenceum. 


A    MANUAL    ON    EARTHWORK. 

By  ALEX.  J.  S.  GRAHAM,  C.E.  With  numerous  Diagrams.  Second  Edition. 
i8mo,  cloth 2/6 

THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  LARGE  TUNNEL  SHAFTS. 

A  Practical  and  Theoretical  Essay.     By  J.  H.  WATSON  BUCK,  M.  Inst.  C.E., 
Resident  Engineer,  L.  and  N.  W.  R.     With  Folding  Plates,  8vo,  cloth   1  2/O 
"  Many  of  the  methods  given  are  of  extreme  practical  value  to  the  mason,  and  the  observa- 
tions on  the  form  of  arch,  the  rules  for  ordering  the  stone,  and  the  construction  of  the  templates, 
will  be  found  of  considerable  use.     We  commend  the  book  to  the  engineering  profession."— 
Building  News. 

"  Will  be  regarded  by  civil  engineers  as  of  the  utmost  value,  and  calculated  to  save  much 
time  and  obviate  many  mistakes." — Colliery  Guardian. 

CAST   &   WROUGHT   IRON    BRIDGE   CONSTRUCTION 

(A  Complete  and  Practical  Treatise  on),  including  Iron  Foundations.  In 
Three  Parts. — Theoretical,  Practical,  and  Descriptive.  By  WILLIAM  HUMBER, 
A.  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  and  M.  Inst.  M.E.  Third  Edition,  revised  and  much  im- 
proved,  with  115  Double  Plates(ao  of  which  now  first  appear  in  this  edition), 
and  numerous  Additions  to  the  Text.  In  2  vols.,  imp.  410,  half-bound  in 

morocco £6  1 6s.  60. 

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elevations,  plans,  and  sections,  large  scale  details  are  given,  which  very  much  enhance  the 
Instructive  worth  of  those  illustrations." — Civil  Engineer  and  Architect s  Journal. 

"  Mr.  Humber's  stately  volumes,  lately  issued — in  which  the  most  important  bridges 
erected  during  the  last  five  years,  under  the  direction  of  the  late  Mr.  Brunei,  Sir  W.  Cubltt, 
Mr.  Hawkshaw,  Mr.  Page,  Mr.  Fowler,  Mr.  Hemans,  and  others  among  our  most  eminent 
engineers,  are  drawn  and  specified  in  great  detail." — Engineer. 

ESSAY   ON    OBLIQUE    BRIDGES 

(Practical  and  Theoretical).  With  13  large  Plates.  By  the  late  GEORGE 
WATSON  BUCK,  M.I. C.E.  Fourth  Edition,  revised  by  his  Son,  J.  H.  WATSON 
BUCK,  M.I. C.E.  ;  and  with  the  addition  of  Description  to  Diagrams  for 
Facilitating  the  Construction  of  Oblique  Bridges,  by  W.  H.  BARLOW,  M.I. C.E. 

Royal  8vo,  cloth 1  2/O 

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"  Mr.  Buck's  treatise  is  recognised  as  a  standard  text-book,  and  his  treatment  has  divested 
the  subject  of  many  of  the  intricacies  supposed  to  belong  to  it.  As  a  guide  to  the  engineer  and 
architect,  on  a  confessedly  difficult  subject,  Mr.  Buck's  work  is  unsurpassed."— Building  News. 

THE    CONSTRUCTION    OF    OBLIQUE    ARCHES 

(A  Practical  Treatise  on).  By  JOHN  HART.  Third  Edition,  with  Plates. 
Imperial  8vo,  cloth 8/O 

GRAPHIC    AND    ANALYTIC    STATICS. 

In  their  Practical  Application  to  the  Treatment  of  Stresses  in  Roofs,  Solid 

Girders,  Lattice,  Bowstring,  and  Suspension  Bridges,  Braced  Iron  Arches  and 

Piers,  and  other  Frameworks.     By  R.  HUDSON  GRAHAM,  C.E.     Containing 

Diagrams  and  Plates  to  Scale.     With  numerous  Examples,  many  taken  from 

existing    Structures.      Specially  arranged    for    Class-work    in    Colleges   and 

Universities.     Second  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.     8vo,  cloth       .     1 6/O 

"  Mr.  Graham's  book  will  find  a  place  wherever  graphic  and  analytic  statics  are  used  or 

studied." — Engineer. 

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with  much  care.  The  directions  for  working  are  simple,  and  are  illustrated  by  an  abundance  of 
well-selected  examples.  It  is  an  excellent  text-book  for  the  practical  draughtsman." — Athenaum. 

WEIGHTS   OF  WROUGHT  IRON   &   STEEL  GIRDER5. 

A  Graphic  Table  for  Facilitating  the  Computation  of  the  Weights  of  Wrought 
Iron  and  Steel  Girders,  &c.,  for  Parliamentary  and  other  Estimates,  By 
J.  H.  WATSON  BUCK,  M.  Inst.  C.E.  On  a  Sheet  .  .  2/6 


CIVIL  ENGINEERING,  SURVEYING,  S-c.  15 


PRACTICAL  GEOMETRY. 

For  the  Architect,  Engineer,  and  Mechanic.  Giving  Rules  for  the  Delineation 
and  Application  of  various  Geometrical  Lines,  Figures,  and  Curves.  By 
E.  W.  TARN,  M.A.,  Architect.  8vo,  cloth 9/O 

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the  rules  laid  down  and  the  illustrative  diagrams  have  been  so  satisfactory."— Scotsman. 

THE  GEOMETRY  OF  COMPASSES. 

Or,  Problems  Resolved  by  the  mere  Description  of  Circles  and  the  Use  of 
Coloured  Diagrams  and  Symbols.  By  OLIVER  BYRNE.  Coloured  Plates. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth 3/6 

HANDY   BOOK  FOR  THE    CALCULATION  OF  STRAINS 

In  Girders  and  Similar  Structures  and  their  Strength.  Consisting  of  Formulae 
and  Corresponding  Diagrams,  with  numerous  details  for  Practical  Applica- 
tion, &c.  By  WILLIAM  HUMBER,  A.  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  &c.  Fifth  Edition. 
Crown  8vo,  with  nearly  100  Woodcuts  and  3  Plates,  cloth  .  .  .  7/6 

"  The  formulae  are  neatly  expressed,  and  the  diagrams  good." — Athenceum. 

"We  heartily  commend  this  really  handy  book  to  our  engineer  and  architect  readers."— 
English  Mechanic. 

TRUSSES    OF  WOOD  AND    IRON. 

Practical    Applications   of   Science   in   Determining    the   Stresses,    Breaking 
Weights,  Safe  Loads,  Scantlings,  and  Details  of  Construction.     With  Complete 
Working  Drawings.     By  WILLIAM  GRIFFITHS,  Surveyor.     8vo,  cloth.       4/6 
"This  handy  little  book  enters   so  minutely  into  every  detail  connected  with  the  con- 
struction of  roof  trusses  that  no  student  need  be  ignorant  of  these  matters."— Practical  Engineer. 

THE    STRAINS    ON    STRUCTURES    OF   IRONWORK. 

With  Practical  Remarks  on  Iron  Construction.  By  F.  W.  SHEILDS,  M.I.C.E. 
8vo,  cloth 5/O 

A  TREATISE   ON  THE  STRENGTH   OF  MATERIALS. 

With  Rules  for  Application  in  Architecture,  the  Construction  of  Suspension 
Bridges,  Railways,  &c.  By  PETER  BARLOW,  F.R.S.  A  new  Edition,  revised 
by  his  Sons,  P.  W.  BARLOW,  F.R.S.,  and  W.  H.  BARLOW,  F.R.S.  ;  to  which 
are  added,  Experiments  by  HODGKINSON,  FAIRBAIRN,  and  KIRKALDY  ;  and 
Formulae  for  calculating  Girders,  &c.  Arranged  and  Edited  by  WM.  HUMBER, 

A.  M.Inst.  C.E.     8vo,  cloth 1  8/O 

"  Valuable  alike  to  the  student  tyra,  and  the  experienced  practitioner,  it  will  always  rank 

in  future  as  it  has  hitherto  done,  as  the  standard  treatise  on  that  particular  subject." — Engineer. 

"  As  a  scientific  work  of  the  first  class,  it  deserves  a  foremost  place  on  the  bookshelves  of 

every  civil  engineer  and  practical  mechanic."— English  Mechanic. 

SAFE    RAILWAY  WORKING. 

A  Treatise  on  Railway  Accidents,  their  Cause  and  Prevention  ;  with  a  De- 
scription of  Modern  Appliances  and  Systems.  By  CLEMENT  E.  STRETTON, 
C.E.,  Vice-President  and  Consulting  Engineer,  Amalgamated  Society  of 
Railway  Servants.  With  Illustrations  and  Coloured  Plates.  Third  Edition, 

Enlarged.     Crown  8vo,  cloth 3/6 

"  A  book  for  the  engineer,  the  directors,  the  managers ;  and,  in  short,  all  who  wish  for 

information  on  railway  matters  will  find  a  perfect  encyclopaedia  in  'Safe  Railway  Working.'"— 

Rail-way  Review. 

"  We  commend  the  remarks  on  railway  signalling  to  all  railway  managers,  especially  where 

a  uniform  code  and  practice  is  advocated." — Herepath's  Rail-way  Journal. 

EXPANSION  OF  STRUCTURES  BY  HEAT. 

By  JOHN  KEILY,  C.E.,  late  of  the  Indian  Public  Works  Department.  Crown 
8vo,  cloth 3/6 

"  The  aim  the  author  has  set  before  him,  viz.,  to  show  the  effects  of  heat  upon  metallic  and 
other  structures,  is  a  laudable  one,  for  this  is  a  branch  of  physics  upon  which  the  engineer  or 
architect  can  find  but  little  reliable  and  comprehensive  data  in  books." — Builder. 


16         CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD  &  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 
THE  PROGRESS  OF  MODERN  ENGINEERING. 

Complete   in    Four  Volumes,  imperial  410,  half-morocco,  price  £1  2   1 2s. 

Each  volume  sold  separately,  as  follows  : — 

FIRST  SERIES,  Comprising  Civil,  Mechanical,  Marine,  Hydraulic,  Railway, 
Bridge,  and  other  Engineering  Works,  &c.  By  WILLIAM  HUMBER, 
A.  M.  Inst.  C.E.,  &c.  Imp.  410,  with  36  Double  Plates,  drawn  to  a  large  scale, 
Photographic  Portrait  of  John  Hawkshaw,  C.E.,  F.R.S.,  &c.,  and  copious 
descriptive  Letterpress,  Specifications,  &c.  Half-morocco  .  .  £3  3s. 

LIST  OF  THE  PLATES  AND  DIAGRAMS. 

VICTORIA  STATION  AND  ROOF,  L.  B.  &  S.  C.  R.  (8  PLATES);  SOUTHPORT  PIER 
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OF  CREMORNE  Music  HALL;  BRIDGE  OVER  G.  N.  RAILWAY;  ROOF  OF  STATION, 
DUTCH  RHENISH  RAIL.  (2  PLATES);  BRIDGE  OVER  THE  THAMES,  WEST  LONDON 
EXTENSION  RAILWAY  (5  PLATES);  ARMOUR  PLATES;  SUSPENSION  BRIDGE,  THAMES 
(4  PLATES)  ;  THE  ALLEN  ENGINE  ;  SUSPENSION  BRIDGE,  AVON  (3  PLATES)  ;  UNDER- 
GROUND RAILWAY  (3  PLATESI. 

HUMBERTS  MODERN   ENGINEERING. 

SECOND  SERIES.  Imp.  410,  with  3  Double  Plates,  Photographic  Portrait  of 
Robert  Stephenson,  C.E.,  M.P.,  F.R.S.,  &c.,  and  copious  descriptive  Letter- 
press, Specifications,  &c.  Half-morocco £3  3s. 

LIST  OF  THE  PLATES  AND  DIAGRAMS. 

BlRKENHEAD  DOCKS,  LOW  WATER  BASIN  (15  PLATES)  ;  CHARING  CROSS  STATION 
ROOF,  C.  C.  RAILWAY  (3  PLATES);  DIGSWELL  VIADUCT,  GREAT  NORTHERN  RAILWAY; 
ROBBERY  WOOD  VIADUCT,  GREAT  NORTHERN  RAILWAY;  IRON  PERMANENT  WAY; 
CLYDACH  VIADUCT,  MERTHYR,  TREDEGAR,  AND  ABERGAVENNY  RAILWAY  ;  EBBW 
VIADUCT,  MERTHYR,  TREDEGAR,  AND  ABERGAVENNY  RAILWAY;  COLLEGE  WOOD 
VIADUCT,  CORNWALL  RAILWAY;  DUBLIN  WINTER  PALACE.  ROOF  (3  PLATES);  BRIDGE 
OVER  THE  THAMES,  L.  C.  &  D.  RAILWAY  (6  PLATES);  ALBERT  HARBOUR,  GREENOCK 

(4  PLATES). 

HUMBERTS  MODERN  ENGINEERING. 

THIRD  SERIES.  Imp.  410,  with  40  Double  Plates,  Photographic  Portrait  of 
J.  R.  M'Clean,  late  Pres.  Inst.  C.E.,  and  copious  descriptive  Letterpress, 
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LIST  OF  THE  PLATES  AND  DIAGRAMS. 

MAIN  DRAINAGE,  METROPOLIS.— North  Side.— MAP  SHOWING  INTERCEPTION  OF 
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LEA  (3  PLATES)  ;  OUTFALL  SEWER,  BRIDGE  OVER  MARSH  LANE,  NORTH  WOOLWICH 
RAILWAY,  AND  Bow  AND  BARKING  RAILWAY  JUNCTION  ;  OUTFALL  SEWER,  BRIDGE  OVER 
Bow  AND  BARKING  RAILWAY  (3  PLATES)  ;  OUTFALL  SEWER,  BRIDGE  OVER  EAST  LONDON 
WATER-WORKS'  FEEDER  (2  PLATES)  ;  OUTFALL  SEWER  RESERVOIR  (2  PLATES)  ;  OUTFALL 
SEWER,  TUMBLING  BAY  AND  OUTLET  ;  OUTFALL  SEWER,  PENSTOCKS.  South  Side.— 
OUTFALL  SEWER,  BERMONDSEY  BRANCH  (2  PLATES)  ;  OUTFALL  SEWER,  RESERVOIR  AND 
OUTLET  (4  PLATES)  ;  OUTFALL  SEWER,  FILTH  HOIST  ;  SECTIONS  OF  SEWERS  NORTH  AND 
SOUTH  SIDES). 

THAMES  EMBANKMENT.— SECTION  OF  RIVER  WALL;  STEAMBOAT  PIER,  WEST- 
MINSTER (2  PLATES)  ;  LANDING  STAIRS  BETWEEN  CHARING  CROSS  AND  WATERLOO 
BRIDGES  ;  YORK  GATE  (2  PLATES)  ;  OVERFLOW  AND  OUTLET  AT  SAVOY  STREET  SEWER 
(3  PLATES);  STEAMBOAT  PIER,  WATERLOO  BRIDGE  (3  PLATES)  ;  JUNCTION  OF  SEWERS, 
PLANS  AND  SECTIONS  ;  GULLIES,  PLANS  AND  SECTIONS  ;  ROLLING  STOCK  ;  GRANITE 
AND  IRON  FORTS. 

HUMBER'S  MODERN  ENGINEERING. 

FOURTH  SERIES.  Imp.  410,  with  36  Double  Plates,  Photographic  Portrait  of 
John  Fowler,  late  Pres.  Inst.  C.E.,  and  copious  descriptive  Letterpress,  Speci- 
fications, &c.  Half-morocco £3  3s. 

LIST  OF  THE  PLATES  AND  DIAGRAMS. 

ABBEY  MILLS  PUMPING  STATION,  MAIN  DRAINAGE,  METROPOLIS  (4  PLATES)  ; 
BARROW  DOCKS  (5  PLATES)  ;  MANQUIS  VIADUCT,  SANTIAGO  AND  VALPARAISO  RAILWAY, 
(2  PLATES)  ;  ADAM'S  LOCOMOTIVE,  ST.  HELEN'S  CANAL  RAILWAY  (2  PLATES)  ;  CANNON 
STREET  STATION  ROOF,  CHARING  CROSS  RAILWAY  (3  PLATES);  ROAD  BRIDGE  OVER 
THE  RIVER  MOKA  (2  PLATES) ;  TELEGRAPHIC  APPARATUS  FOR  MESOPOTAMIA  ;  VIADUCT 
OVER  THE  RIVER  WYE,  MIDLAND  RAILWAY  (3  PLATES)  ;  ST.  GERMANS  VIADUCT 
CORNWALL  RAILWAY  (2  PLATES);  WROUGHT-IRON  CYLINDER  FOR  DIVING  BELL 
MlLLWALL  DOCKS  (6  PLATES);  MlLROY  S  PATENT  EXCAVATOR ;  METROPOLITAN  DlS 
TRICT  RAILWAY  (6  PLATES)  j  HARBOURS,  PORTS,  AND  BREAKWATERS  (3  PLATES). 


MARINE   ENGINEERING     NAVIGATION,   &>c.  17 


MARINE  ENGINEERING,  SHIPBUILDING, 
NAVIGATION,  &c. 


THE     NAVAL     ARCHITECT'S     AND     SHIPBUILDER'S 

POCKET-BOOK  of  Formulae,  Rules,  and  Tables,  and  Marine  Engineer's  and 
Surveyor's  Handy  Book  of  Reference.  By  CLEMENT  MACKROW,  M.I.N.A. 
Seventh  Edition,  700  pp.,  with  300  Illustrations.  Fcap.,  leather  .  .  1  2/6 

SUMMARY  OF  CONTENTS  :— SIGNS  AND  SYMBOLS,  DECIMAL  FRACTIONS.— TRIGONO- 
METRY.—PRACTICAL  GEOMETRY.— MENSURATION.— CENTRES  AND  MOMENTS  OF  FIGURES. 
—MOMENTS  OF  INERTIA  AND  RADII  OF  GYRATION.— ALGEBRAICAL  EXPRESSIONS  FOR 
SIMPSON'S  RULES.— MECHANICAL  PRINCIPLES.— CENTRE  OF  GRAVITY.— LAWS  OF  MOTION, 
—DISPLACEMENT,  CENTRE  OF  BUOYANCY.— CENTRE  OF  GRAVITY  OF  SHIP'S  HULL.— 
STABILITY  CURVES  AND  METACENTRES.— SEA  AND  SHALLOW-WATER  WAVES.— ROLLING 
OF  SHIPS.— PROPULSION  AND  RESISTANCE  OF  VESSELS.— SPEED  TRIALS.— SAILING, 
CENTRE  OF  EFFORT.  — DISTANCES  DOWN  RIVERS,  COAST  LINES.  — STEERING  AND 
RUDDERS  OF  VESSELS.— LAUNCHING  CALCULATIONS  AND  VELOCITIES.— WEIGHT  OF 
MATERIAL  AND  GEAR.— GUN  PARTICULARS  AND  WEIGHT.— STANDARD  GAUGES.— 
RIVETED  JOINTS  AND  RIVETING.— STRENGTH  AND  TESTS  OF  MATERIALS.— BINDING 
AND  SHEARING  STRESSES,  &c.  —  STRENGTH  OF  SHAFTING,  PILLARS,  WHEELS,  &c. 
—HYDRAULIC  DATA,  &c.  —  CONIC  SECTIONS,  CATENARIAN  CURVES.  —  MECHANICAL 
POWERS,  WORK.— BOARD  OF  TRADE  REGULATIONS  FOR  BOILERS  AND  ENGINES.— BOARD 
OF  TRADE  REGULATIONS  FOR  SHIPS.— LLOYD'S  RULES  FOR  BOILERS.— LLOYD'S  WEIGHT 
OF  CHAINS.— LLOYD'S  SCANTLINGS  FOR  SHIPS.— DATA  OF  ENGINES  AND  VESSELS.— 
SHIPS'  FITTINGS  AND  TESTS.— SEASONING  PRESERVING  TIMBER.— MEASUREMENT  OF 
TIMBER.— ALLOYS,  PAINTS,  VARNISHES.— DATA  FOR  STOWAGE.— ADMIRALTY  TRANS- 
PORT REGULATIONS. —  RULES  FOR  HORSE-POWER,  SCREW  PROPELLERS,  &c.— PER- 
CENTAGES FOR  BUTT  STRAPS,  &c.— PARTICULARS  OF  YACHTS.— MASTING  AND  RIGGING 
VESSELS.— DISTANCES  OF  FOREIGN  PORTS.— TONNAGE  TABLES.— VOCABULARY  OF 
FRENCH  AND  ENGLISH  TERMS.  —  ENGLISH  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES.  —  FOREIGN 
WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES.— DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS.— FOREIGN  MONEY.— DISCOUNT 
AND  WAGES  TABLES.— USEFUL  NUMBERS  AND  READY  RECKONERS.— TABLES  OF 
CIRCULAR  MEASURES.— TABLES  OF  AREAS  OF  AND  CIRCUMFERENCES  OF  CIRCLES.— 
TABLES  OF  AREAS  OF  SEGMENTS  OF  CIRCLES.— TABLES  OF  SQUARES  AND  CUBES  AND 
ROOTS  OF  NUMBERS.— TABLES  OF  LOGARITHMS  OF  NUMBERS.— TABLES  OF  HYPER- 
BOLIC LOGARITHMS.  — TABLES  OF  NATURAL  SINES,  TANGENTS,  &c.— TABLES  OF 
LOGARITHMIC  SINES,  TANGENTS,  &c. 

"  In  these  days  of  advanced  knowledge  a  work  like  this  is  of  the  greatest  value.  It  contains 
a  vast  amount  of  information.  We  unhesitatingly  say  that  it  is  the  most  valuable  compilation  for  its 
specific  purpose  that  has  ever  been  printed.  No  naval  architect,  engineer,  surveyor,  or  seaman, 
wood  or  iron  shipbuilder,  can  afford  to  be  without  this  work." — Nautical  Magazine. 

"  Should  be  used  by  all  who  are  engaged  in  the  construction  or  design  of  vessels.  .  .  .  Will 
be  found  to  contain  the  most  useful  tables  and  formulae  required  by  shipbuilders,  carefully  collected 
from  the  best  authorities,  and  put  together  in  a  popular  and  simple  form.  The  book  is  one  of 
exceptional  merit." — Engineer. 

"  The  professional  shipbuilder  has  now,  in  a  convenient  and  accessible  form,  reliable  data  for 
solving  many  of  the  numerous  problems  that  present  themselves  in  the  course  of  his  work." — Iron. 

"There  is  no  doubt  that  a  pocket-book  of  this  description  must  be  a  necessity  in  the  ship- 
building trade.  .  .  The  volume  contains  a  mass  of  useful  information  clearly  expressed  and 
presented  in  a  handy  form." — Marine  Engineer. 

WANNAN'S  MARINE   ENGINEER'S  GUIDE 

To  Board  of  Trade  Examinations  for  Certificates  of  Competency.  Containing 
all  Latest  Questions  to  Date,  with  Simple,  Clear,  and  Correct  Solutions  ; 
302  Elementary  Questions  with  Illustrated  Answers,  and  Verbal  Questions 
and  Answers  ;  complete  Set  of  Drawings  with  Statements  completed.  By 
A.  C.  W ANNAN, C.E., Consulting Engineer.and  E.  W.  I.  WANNAN,  M.I.M.E., 
Certificated  First  Class  Marine  Engineer.  Illustrated  with  numerous  Engrav- 
ings. Second  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.  500  pages.  Large  crown  8vo, 
cloth.  {Just  Published.  Net  1  Q/6 

"The  book  is  clearly  and  plainly  written  and  avoids  unnecessary  explanations  and  formulas, 
and  we  consider  it  a  valuable  book  for  students  of  marine  engineering." — Nautical  Magazine. 

WANNAN'S  MARINE  ENGINEER'S  POCKET-BOOK, 

Containing  the  Latest  Board  of  Trade  Rules  and  Data  for  Marine  Engineers. 
By  A.  C.  WANNAN.  Second  Edition,  carefully  Revised.  Square  i8mo,  with 
thumb  Index,  leather 5/O 

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thumb  order,  and  is,  on  that  account,  well  adapted  to  the  uses  of  the  sea-going  engineer."— 
Engineer. 


i8          CROSBY  LOCKWOOD  &•  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 


MARINE   ENGINES  AND  STEAM  VESSELS. 

A  Treatise  on.  By  ROBERT  MURRAY,  C.E.  Eighth  Edition,  thoroughly 
Revised,  with  considerable  Additions  by  the  Author  and  by  GEORGE 
CARLISLE,  C.E.,  Senior  Surveyor  to  the  Board  of  Trade.  121110,  cloth  .  4/6 

SEA  TERMS,  PHRASES,  AND  WORDS 

(Technical    Dictionary  of)    used    in    the    English    and    French    Languages 
(English-French,  French-English).     For  the  Use  of  Seamen,  Engineers,  Pilots, 
Shipbuilders,  Shipowners,  and  Ship-brokers.     Compiled  by  W.  PJRRIE,  late  of 
the  African  Steamship  Company.     Fcap.  8vo,  cloth  limp          .         .         .     5/Q 
"  This  volume  will  be  highly  appreciated  by  seamen,  engineers,  pilots,  shipbuilders  and  ship- 
owners.    It  will  be  found  wonderfully  accurate  and  complete." — Scotsman. 

"  A  very  useful  dictionary,  which  has  long  been  wanted  by  French  and  English  engineers, 
masters,  officers  and  others." — Shipping  World. 


ELECTRIC  SHIP-LIGHTING. 

A  Handbook  on  the  Practical  Fitting  and  Running  of  Ships'  Electrical  Plant, 
for  the  Use  of  Shipowners  and  Builders,  Marine  Electricians  and  Sea-going 
Engineers  in  Charge.  By  J.  W.  URQUHART,  Author  of  "Electric  Light," 
"Dynamo  Construction,"  &c.  Second  Edition,  Revised  and  Extended. 
326  pp.,  with  88  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  7/Q 

MARINE   ENGINEER'S   POCKET-BOOK. 

Consisting  of  useful  Tables  and  Formulae.     By  FRANK  PROCTOR,  A.I.N.A. 

Third  Edition.     Royal  321110,  leather,  gilt  edges,  with  strap     .         .         .     4/O 
"  We  recommend  it  to  our  readers  as  going  far  to  supply  a  long-felt  want." — Naval  Science. 
"  A  most  useful  companion  to  all  marine  engineers." — United  Service  Gazette. 

ELEMENTARY  ENGINEERING. 

A  Manual  for  Young  Marine  Engineers  and  Apprentices.     In  the  Form  of 

Questions  and  Answers  on  Metals,  Alloys,  Strength  of  Materials,  Construction 

and  Management  of  Marine  Engines  and  Boilers,  Geometry,  &c.,  &c.     With 

an  Appendix  of  Useful  Tables.     By  J.  S.  BREWER.     Crown  8vo,  cloth  .     1/6 

"Contains  much  valuable  information  for  the  class  for  whom  it  is  intended,  especially  in  the 

chapters  on  the  management  of  boilers  and  engines."— Nautical  Magazine 

PRACTICAL  NAVIGATION. 

Consisting  of  THE  SAILOR'S  SEA-BOOK,  by  JAMES  GREENWOOD  and  W.  H. 
ROSSER  ;  together  with  the  exquisite  Mathematical  and  Nautical  Tables  for 
the  Working  of  the  Problems,  by  HENRY  LAW,  C.E.,  and  Professor  J.  R. 
YOUNG.  Illustrated.  i2mo,  strongly  half-bound 7IO 

THE  ART  AND  SCIENCE   OF  SAILMAKING. 

By  SAMUEL  B.  SADLER,  Practical  Sailmaker,  late  in  the  employment  of 
Messrs.  Ratsey  and  Lapthorne,  of  Cowes  and  Gosport.  With  Plates  and 
other  Illustrations.  Small  410,  cloth 1 2/6 

"  This  extremely  practical  work  gives  a  complete  education  in  all  the  branches  of  the  manu- 
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rate  text-book  and  guide."— Portsmouth.  Times. 

CHAIN   CABLES  AND  CHAINS. 

Comprising  Sizes  and  Curves  of  Links,  Studs,  &c.,  Iron  for  Cables  and  Chains, 
Chain  Cable  and  Chain  Making,  Forming  and  Welding  Links,  Strength  of 
Cables  and  Chains,  Certificates  for  Cables,  Marking  Cables,  Prices  of  Chain 
Cables  and  Chains,  Historical  Notes,  Acts  of  Parliament,  Statutory  Tests, 
Charges  for  Testing,  List  of  Manufacturers  of  Cables,  &c.,  &c.  By 
THOMAS  W.  TRAILL,  F.E.R.N.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  Engineer-Surveyor-in -Chief, 
Board  of  Trade,  Inspector  of  Chain  Cable  and  Anchor  Proving  Establishments, 
and  General  Superintendent  Lloyd's  Committee  on  Proving  Establishments. 
With  numerous  Tables,  Illustrations,  and  Lithographic  Drawings.  Folio, 

cloth,  bevelled  boards £2  2s. 

"  It  contains  a  vast  amount  of  valuable  Information.  Nothing  seems  to  be  wanting  to  make  it 
a  complete  and  standard  work  of  reference  on  the  subject."— Nautical  Magasine. 


MINING,  METALLURGY,  &  COLLIERY    WORKING.     19 

MINING,    METALLURGY,    AND 
COLLIERY   WORKING. 


PROSPECTING    FOR  GOLD. 

A  Handbook  of  Practical  Information  and  Hints  for  Prospectors  based  on 
Personal  Experience.  By  DANIEL  J.  RANKIN,  F.R.S.G.S.,  M.R.A.S.  Author 
of  "The  Zambesi  Basin,"  &c.  ;  formerly  Manager  of  the  Central  African 
Company,  and  Leader  of  African  Gold  Prospecting  Expeditions.  With  Illus- 
trations specially  Drawn  and  Engraved  for  the  Work.  F'cap.  8vo,  leather. 

U ust  Published.     Net  7/6 

THE  METALLURGY  OF  GOLD. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Metallurgical  Treatment  of  Gold-bearing  Ores. 
Including  the  Assaying,  Melting,  and  Refining  of  Gold.  By  M.  EISSLER, 
Mining  Engineer,  A.I.M.E.,  Member  of  the  Institute  of  Mining  and  Metal- 
lurgy. Author  of  "  The  Metallurgy  of  Silver,"  &c.  Fifth  Edition,  Enlarged 
and  Re-arranged.  With  over  300  illustrations  and  numerous  Folding  Plates. 
Medium  Svo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  Net  21/O 

"  This  book  thoroughly  deserves  its  title  of  a  '  Practical  Treatise.  The  whole  process  of  gold 
milling,  from  the  breaking  of  the  quartz  to  the  assay  of  the  bullion,  is  described  in  clear  and  orderly 
narrative  and  with  much,  but  not  too  much,  fulness  of  detail." — Saturday  Review. 

"  The  work  is  a  storehouse  of  information  and  valuable  data,  and  we  strongly  recommend  it 
to  all  professional  men  engaged  in  the  gold-mining  industry." — Mining  Journal. 

THE  CYANIDE  PROCESS  OF  GOLD  EXTRACTION. 

Including  its  Practical  Application  on  the  Witwatersrand  Gold  Fields  in  South 
Africa.  By  M.  EISSLER,  M.E.,  Author  of  "The  Metallurgy  of  Gold,"  &c. 
With  Diagrams  and  Working  Drawings.  Second  Edition,  Revised  and  En- 
larged. Svo,  cloth 7/6 

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process  which  is  not  only  the  ir.ost  popular,  but  is,  as  a  general  rule,  the  most  successful  for  the 
extraction  of  gold  from  tailings." — Mining  Journal. 

"  The  work  will  prove  invaluable  to  all  interested  in  gold  mining." — Chemical  News. 

DIAMOND  DRILLING  FOR  GOLD  &  OTHER  MINERALS. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  the  Use  of  Modern  Diamond  Core  Drills  in  Pro- 
specting and  Exploiting  Mineral-Bearing  Properties,  including  Particulars  of 
the  Costs  of  Apparatus  and  Working.  By  G.  A.  DENNY,  M.N.E.  Inst.  M.E., 
M.I.M.  and  M.  Author  of  "  The  Klerksdorp  Goldfields."  Medium  Svo, 
168  pp.,  with  Illustrative  Diagrams.  [Just  Published.  "|  2/6 

"  There  is  certainly  scope  for  a  work  on  diamond  drilling,  and  Mr.  Denny  deserves  grateful 
recognition  for  supplying  a  decided  want.  We  strongly  recommend  every  board  of  directors  to 
carefully  peruse  the  pages  treating  of  the  applicability  of  diamond  drilling  to  auriferous  deposits,  and, 
under  certain  conditions,  its  advantages  over  shaft  sinking  for  systematic  prospecting,  both  from  the 
surface  and  underground.  The  author  has  given  us  a  valuable  volume  of  eminently  practical  data 
that  should  be  in  the  possession  of  those  interested  in  mining." — Mining  Journal. 

"  Mr.  Denny's  handbook  is  the  first  English  work  to  give  a  detailed  account  of  the  use  of 
modern  diamond  core-drills  in  searching  for  mineral  deposits.  The  work  contains  much  information 
of  a  practical  character,  including  particulars  of  the  cost  of  apparatus  and  of  working." — Nature. 

FIELD  TESTING  FOR  GOLD  AND  SILVER. 

A  Practical  Manual  for  Prospectors  and  Miners.  By  W.  H.  MERRITT, 
M.N.E.  Inst.  M.E.,  A.R.S.M.,  &c.  With  Photographic  Plates  and  other 
Illustrations.  Fcap.  Svo,  leather.  [Just  Published.  Net  5/Q 

"As  an  instructor  of  prospectors' classes   Mr.   Merritt  has  the  advantage  of  knowing 

exactly  the  information  likely  to  be  most  valuable  to  the  miner  in  the  field.     The  contents  cover 

all  the  details  of  sampling  and  testing  gold  and  silver  ores.     The  work  will  be  a  useful  addition  to  a 

prospector's  kit." — Mining  Journal. 

"  It  gives  the  gist  of  the  author's  experience  as  a  teacher  of  prospectors,  and  is  a  book  which 

no  prospector  could  use  habitually  without  finding  it  pan  out  well. '— Scotsman. 

THE  PROSPECTOR'S  HANDBOOK. 

A  Guide  for  the  Prospector  and  Traveller  in  search  of  Metal-Bearing  or  other 

Valuable  Minerals.     By  J.  W.  ANDERSON,  M.A.  (Camb.),  F.R.G.S.      Eighth 

Edition,   thoroughly  Revised  and  much  Enlarged.     Small  crown  Svo,  cloth, 

3/6  ;  or,  leather,  pocket-book  form,  with  tuck.  [Just  Published.     4/6 

"  Will  supply  a  much-felt  want,  especially  among  Colonists,  in  whose  way  are  so  often  thrown 

many  mineralogical  specimens  the  value  of  which  it  is  difficult  to  determine." — Engineer. 

"How  to  find  commercial  minerals,  and  how  to  identify  them  when  they  are  found,  are  the 
leading  points  to  which  attention  is  directed.  The  author  has  managed  to  pack  as  much  practical 
detail  into  his  pages  as  would  supply  material  for  a  book  three  times  its  size.  —  Mining  Journal. 


20         CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD  &•  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 


THE  METALLURGY  OF  SILVER. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Amalgamation,  Roasting,  and  Lixiviation  of  Silver 
Ores.  Including  the  Assaying,  Melting,  and  Refining  of  Silver  Bullion.  By 
M.  EISSLER,  Author  of  "The  Metallurgy  of  Gold,"  &c.  Third  Edition. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth -j  Q/6 

"  A  practical  treatise,  and  a  technical  work  which  we  are  convinced  will  supply  a  lone-felt 
want  amongst  practical  men,  and  at  the  same  time  be  of  value  to  students  and  others  indirectly 
connected  with  the  industries."— Mining  yournal. 

"  From  first  to  last  the  book  is  thoroughly  sound  and  reliable." — Colliery  Guardian 
"  For  chemists,  practical  miners,  assayers,  and  investors  alike  we  do  not  know  of  any  work 
on  the  subject  so  handy  and  yet  so  comprehensive."— Glasgow  Herald. 

THE   HYDRO-METALLURGY  OF  COPPER  ORES. 

By  M.  EISSLER,  Author  of  "The  Metallurgy  of  Gold,"  &c.  Medium  8vo, 
with  Folding  Plates.  [In  the  Press. 

THE  METALLURGY  OF  ARGENTIFEROUS  LEAD. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Smelting  of  Silver-Lead  Ores  and  the  Refining  of 
Lead  Bullion.  Including  Reports  on  various  Smelting  Establishments  and 
Descriptions  of  Modern  Smelting  Furnaces  and  Plants  in  Europe  and  America. 
By  M.  EISSLER,  M.E.,  Author  of  "  The  Metallurgy  of  Gold,"  &c.  Crown  8vo, 
400  pp.,  with  183  Illustrations,  cloth •)  2/6 

"  The  numerous  metallurgical  processes,  which  are  fully  and  extensively  treated  of,  embrace 
all  the  stages  experienced  in  the  passage  of  the  lead  from  the  various  natural  states  to  its  issue  from 
the  refinery  as  an  article  of  commerce." — Practical  Engineer. 

"  The  present  volume  fully  maintains  the  reputation  of  the  author.  Those  who  wish  to  obtain 
a  thorough  insight  into  the  present  state  of  this  industry  cannot  do  better  than  read  this  volume,  and 
all  mining  engineers  cannot  fail  to  find  many  useful  hints  and  suggestions  in  it."— Industries. 

METALLIFEROUS  MINERALS  AND  MINING. 

By  D.  C.  DAVIES,  F.G.S.     Sixth   Edition,  thoroughly  Revised  and   much 

Enlarged  by  his  Son,  E.  HENRY  DAVIES,  M.E.,  F.G.S.     600  pp.,  with  173 

Illustrations.     Large  crown  8vo,  cloth  [Just  Published.    Net  ~\  2/6 

"  Neither  the  practical  miner  nor  the  general  reader,  interested  in  mines,  can  have  a  better 

book  for  his  companion  and  his  guide." — Mining  Journal. 

"  As  a  history  of  the  present  state  of  mining  throughout  the  world  this  book  has  a  real  value, 
and  it  supplies  an  actual  want." — Athenctum. 

MACHINERY  FOR  METALLIFEROUS  MINES. 

A  Practical  Treatise  for  Mining  Engineers,  Metallurgists,  and  Managers  of 
Mines.     By  E.   HENRY  DAVIES,  M.E.,   F.G.S.     Crown  8vo,  580  pp.,  with 
upwards  of  300  Illustrations,  cloth.          .......     "1  2/6 

"  Mr.  Davies,  in  this  handsome  volume,  has  done  the  advanced  student  and  the  manager  of 
mines  good  service.  Almost  every  kind  of  machinery  in  actual  use  is  carefully  described,  and  the 
woodcuts  and  plates  are  good." — Athentzu-m. 

"  From  cover  to  cover  the  work  exhibits  all  the  same  characteristics  which  excite  the  confi- 
dence and  attract  the  attention  of  the  student  as  he  peruses  the  first  page.  The  work  may  safely 
be  recommended.  By  its  publication  the  literature  connected  with  the  industry  will  be  enriched 
and  the  reputation  of  its  author  enhanced." — Mining-  yournal, 

EARTHY  AND  OTHER  MINERALS  AND  MINING. 

By  D.  C.  DAVIES,  F.G.S.,  Author  of  "  Metalliferous  Minerals,"  &c.  Third 
Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged  by  his  Son,  E.  HENRY  DAVIES,  M.E.,  F.G.S. 

With  about  100  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth 1  2/6 

"  We  do  not  remember  to  have  met  with  any  English  work  on  mining  matters  that  contains 
the  same  amount  of  information  packed  in  equally  convenient  form." — Academy. 

"  We  should  be  inclined  to  rank  it  as  among  the  very  best  of  the  handy  technical  and  trades 
manuals  which  have  recently  appeared." — British  Quarterly  Review. 

BRITISH  MINING. 

A  Treatise  on  the  History,  Discovery,   Practical  Development,  and  Future 

Prospects  of  Metalliferous    Mines   in   the   United   Kingdom.      By  ROBERT 

HUNT,  F.R.S.,  late  Keeper  of  Mining  Records.     Upwards  of  950  pp.,  with 

230  Illustrations.    Second  Edition,  Revised.    Super-royal  8vo,  cloth    £2  2s. 

"  The  book  is  a  treasure-house  of  statistical  information  on  mining  subjects,  and  we  know  of 

no  other  work  embodying  so  great  a  mass  of  matter  of  this  kind.    Were  this  the  only  merit  of 

Mr.  Hunt's  volume  it  would  be  sufficient  to  render  it  indispensable  in  the  library  of  every  one 

Interested  in  the  development  of  the  mining  and   metallurgical  industries   of  this  country."— 

Athtnceum, 


MINING,  METALLURGY,  &  COLLIERY  WORKING.  21 
POCKET-BOOK  FOR  MINERS  AND  METALLURGISTS. 

Comprising  Rules,  Formulae,  Tables,  and  Notes  for  Use  in   Field  and  Office 

Work.     By  F.  DANVERS  POWER,  F.G.S.,  M.E.      Second  Edition,  Corrected. 

Fcap.  8vo,  leather.  [Just  Published.     Q/Q 

"This  excellent  book  is  an  admirable  example  of  its  kind,  and  ought  to  find  a  large  sale 

amongst  English-speaking  prospectors  and  mining  engineers." — Engineering. 

THE  MINER'S  HANDBOOK. 

A  Handy  Book  of  Reference  on  the  subjects   of  Mineral  Deposits,  Mining 

Operations,  Ore  Dressing,  &c.     For  the  Use  of  Students  and  others  interested 

in  Mining  Matters.     By  JOHN  MILNE,    F.R.S.,  Professor  of  Mining  in  the 

Imperial  University  of  Japan.     Revised  Edition.     Fcap.  8vo,  leather     .     7/6 

"  Professor  Milne's  handbook  is  sure  to  be  received  with  favour  by  all  connected  with 

mining,  and  will  be  extremely  popular  among  students."—  A tftentzum. 

THE  IRON  ORES  of  GREAT  BRITAIN  and  IRELAND. 

Their  Mode  of  Occurrence,  Age  and  Origin,  and  the  Methods  of  Searching  for 
and  Working  Them.  With  a  Notice  of  some  of  the  Iron  Ores  of  Spain.  By 
J.  D.  KENDALL,  F.G.S.,  Mining  Engineer.  Crown  8 vo,  cloth  .  .  1  6/O 

"The  author  has  a  thorough  practical  knowledge  of  his  subject,  and  has  supplemented  a 
careful  study  of  the  available  literature  by  unpublished  information  derived  from  his  own  observa- 
tions. The  result  is  a  very  useful  volume,  which  cannot  fail  to  be  of  value  to  all  interested  in  the 
iron  industry  of  the  country." — Industries. 

MINE  DRAINAGE. 

A  Complete  Practical  Treatise  on  Direct-Acting  Underground  Steam 
Pumping  Machinery.  By  STEPHEN  MICHELL.  Second  Edition,  Re-written 
and  Enlarged,  390  pp.  With  about  250  Illustrations.  Royal  8vo,  cloth. 

{Just  Published.     Net    25/O 

SUMMARY  OF  CONTENTS  :— HORIZONTAL  PUMPING  ENGINES.— ROTARY  AND  NON- 
ROTARY  HORIZONTAL  ENGINES.— SIMPLE  AND  COMPOUND  STEAM  PUMPS.— VERTICAL 
PUMPING  ENGINES.— ROTARY  AND  NON-ROTARY  VERTICAL  ENGINES.— SIMPLE  AND 
COMPOUND  STEAM  PUMPS.— TRIPLE-EXPANSION  STEAM  PUMPS.— PULSATING  STEAM 
PUMPS.— PUMP  VALVES.— SINKING  PUMPS,  &c.,  &c. 

"  This  volume  contains  an  immense  amount  of  important  and  interesting  new  matter. 
The  book  should  undoubtedly  prove  of  great  use  to  all  who  wish  for  information  on  the  sub- 
ject, inasmuch  as  the  different  patterns  of  steam  pumps  are  not  alone  lucidly  described  and 
clearly  illustrated,  but  in  addition  numerous  tables  are  supplied,  in  which  their  sizes,  capacity, 
price,  &c.,  are  set  forth,  hence  facilitating  immensely  the  rational  selection  of  a  pump  to  suit 
any  purpose  that  the  reader  may  desire,  or,  on  the  other  hand,  supplying  him  with  useful 
information  about  any  of  the  pumps  that  come  within  the  scope  of  the  volume." — The  Engineer. 

THE  COLLIERY  MANAGER'S  HANDBOOK. 

A  Comprehensive  Treatise  on  the  Laying-out  and  Working  of  Collieries, 
Designed  as  a  Book  of  Reference  for  Colliery  Managers,  and  for  the  Use  of  Coal 
Mining  Students  preparing  for  First-class  Certificates.  By  CALEB  PAMELY, 
Mining  Engineer  and  Surveyor ;  Member  of  the  North  of  England  Institute  of 
Mining  and  Mechanical  Engineers  ;  and  Member  of  the  South  Wales  Institute 
of  Mining  Engineers.  With  700  Plans,  Diagrams,  and  other  Illustrations. 
Fourth  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged,  medium  8vo,  over  900  pp. 
Strongly  bound J21  5s. 

SUMMARY  OF  CONTENTS  :— GEOLOGY.— SEARCH  FOR  COAL.— MINERAL  LEASES 
AND  OTHER  HOLDINGS.— SHAFT  SINKING.— FITTING  UP  THE  SHAFT  AND  SURFACE 
ARRANGEMENTS.— STEAM  BOILERS  AND  THEIR  FITTINGS.— TIMBERING  AND  WALLING.— 
NARROW  WORK  AND  METHODS  OF  WORKING.  —  UNDERGROUND  CONVEYANCE.  — 
DRAINAGE.— THE  GASES  MET  WITH  IN  MINES;  VENTILATION.— ON  THE  FRICTION  OF 
AIR  IN  MINES.— THE  PRIESTMAN  OIL  ENGINE;  PETROLEUM  AND  NATURAL  GAS.— 
SURVEYING  AND  PLANNING.— SAFETY  LAMPS  AND  FIREDAMP  DETECTORS.— SUNDRY 
AND  INCIDENTAL  OPERATIONS  AND  APPLIANCES.— COLLIERY  EXPLOSIONS.— MISCEL- 
LANEOUS QUESTIONS  AND  ANSWERS.— Appendix:  SUMMARY  OF  REPORT  OF  H.M. 
COMMISSIONERS  ON  ACCIDENTS  IN  MINES. 

"  Mr.  Pamely  has  not  only  given  us  a  comprehensive  reference  book  of  a  .very  high  order, 
suitable  to  the  requirements  of  mining  engineers  and  colliery  managers,  but  has  also  provided 
mining  students  with  a  class-book  that  is  as  interesting  as  it  is  instructive." — Colliery  Manager. 

"  Mr.  Pamely 's  work  is  eminently  suited  to  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  intended,  being  clear, 
Interesting,  exhaustive,  rich  in  detail,  and  up  to  date,  giving  descriptions  of  the  latest  machines  in 
every  department.  A  mining  engineer  could  scarcely  go  wrong  who  followed  this  v/ork."—Cottiery 
Guardian. 

"This  is  the  most  complete  'all-round'  work  on  coal-mining  published  in  the  English 
language.  ...  No  library  of  coal-mining  books  is  complete  without  it."— Colliery  Engineer 
{Scranton,  Pa.,  U.S.A.;. 


33         CKOS&Y  LOCKWOOD  «•  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 
COLLIERY  WORKING  AND  MANAGEMENT. 

Comprising  the  Duties  of  a  Colliery  Manager,  the  Oversight  and  Arrange- 
ment of  Labour  and  Wages,  and  the  different  Systems  of  Working  Coal 
Seams.  By  H.  F.  BULMAN  and  R.  A.  S.  REDMAYNE.  350  pp.,  with 
28  Plates  and  other  Illustrations,  including  Underground  Photographs. 
Medium  Svo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  1  5/Q 

"This  is,  indeed,  an  admirable  Handbook  for  Colliery  Managers,  in  fact  it  is  an  indispensable 
adjunct  to  a  Colliery  Manager's  education,  as  well  as  being  a  most  useful  and  interesting  work 
on  the  subject  for  all  who  in  any  way  have  to  do  with  coal  mining.  The  underground  photographs 
are  an  attractive  feature  of  the  work,  being  very  lifelike  and  necessarily  true  representations  of  the 
scenes  they  depict." — Colliery  Guardian. 

"  Mr.  Bulman  and  Mr.  Redmayne,  who  are  both  experienced  Colliery  Managers  of  great 
literary  ability,  are  to  be  congratulated  on  having  supplied  an  authoritative  work  dealing  with  aside 
of  the  subject  of  coal  mining  which  has  hitherto  received  but  scant  treatment.  The  authors 
elucidate  their  text  by  119  woodcuts  and  28  plates,  most  of  the  latter  being  admirable  reproductions 
of  photographs  taken  underground  with  the  aid  of  the  magnesium  flash-light.  These  illustrations 
are  excellent." — Nature. 

COAL  AND  COAL  MINING. 

By  the  late  Sir  WARINGTON  W.  SMYTH,  F.R.S.,  Chief  Inspector  of  the 
Mines  of  the  Crown.  Eighth  Edition,  Revised  and  Extended  by  T.  FORSTER 
BROWN,  Mining  Engineer,  Chief  Inspector  of  the  Mines  of  the  Crown  and 
of  the  Duchy  of  Cornwall.  Crown  Svo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  3/6 

"  As  an  outline  is  given  of  every  known  coal-field  in  this  and  other  countries,  as  well  as  of  the 

principal  methods  of  working,  the  book  will  doubtless  interest  a  very  large  number  of  readers.  — 

Mining  Journal. 

NOTE5  AND   FORMULA   FOR  MINING   STUDENTS. 

By  JOHN  HERMAN  MERIVALE,  M.A.,  Late  Professor  of  Mining  in  the  Durham 

College   of  Science,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne.       Fourth   Edition,   Revised   and 

Enlarged.     By  H.  F.  BULMAN,  A.M.Inst.C.E.     Small  crown  Svo,  cloth.    2/6 

"The  author  has  done  his  work  in  a  creditable  manner,  and  has  produced  a  book  that  will 

be  of  service  to  students  and  those  who  are  practically  engaged  in  mining  operations." — Engineer. 

INFLAMMABLE  GAS  AND  VAPOUR  IN  THE  AIR 

(The  Detection  and  Measurement  of).  By  FRANK  CLOWES,  D.Sc.,  Lond., 
F.I.C.,  Prof,  of  Chemistry  in  the  University  College,  Nottingham.  With  a 
Chapter  on  THE  DETECTION  AND  MEASUREMENT  OF  PETROLEUM  VAPOUR 
by  BOVERTON  REDWOOD,  F.R.S.E.,  Consulting  Adviser  to  the  Corporation 
of  London  under  the  Petroleum  Acts.  Crown  Svo,  cloth.  Net  QjQ 

"  Professor  Clowes  has  given  us  a  volume  on  a  subject  of  much  industrial  importance  .  .  . 
Those  interested  in  these  matters  may  be  recommended  to  study  this  book,  which  is  easy  of  compre- 
hension and  contains  many  good  things."— The  Engineer. 

"A  book  that  no  mining  engineer — certainly  no  coal  miner — can  afford  to  ignore  or  to  leave 
unread." — Mining-  Journal. 

COAL  &  IRON  INDUSTRIES  of  the  UNITED  KINGDOM. 

Comprising  a  Description  of  the  Coal  Fields,  and  of  the  Principal  Seams  of 
Coal,  with  Returns  of  their  Produce  and  its  Distribution,  and  Analyses  of 
Special  Varieties.  Also,  an  Account  of  the  Occurrence  of  Iron  Ores  in  Veins  or 
Seams  ;  Analyses  of  each  Variety  ;  and  a  History  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of 
Pig  Iron  Manufacture.  By  RICHARD  MEADE.  Svo,  cloth  .  .  £1  8s. 
"  Of  this  book  we  may  unreservedly  say  that  it  is  the  best  of  its  class  which  we  have  ever 

met.  ...  A  book  of  reference  which  no  one  engaged  in  the  iron  or  coal  trades  should  omit  from 

his  library." — Iron  and  Coal  Trades  Review. 

ASBESTOS  AND  ASBESTIC. 

Their  Properties,  Occurrence,  and  Use.  By  ROBERT  H.  JONES,  F.S.A., 
Mineralogist,  Hon.  Mem.  Asbestos  Club,  Black  Lake,  Canada.  With 
Ten  Collotype  Plates  and  other  Illustrations.  Demy  Svo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.    1  6/O 

"  An  interesting  and  invaluable  work."— Colliery  Guardian. 

GRANITES  AND  OUR  GRANITE  INDUSTRIES. 

By  GEORGE  F.  HARRIS,  F.G.S.,  Membre  de  la  Socie'te'   Beige  de  Geologic, 
Lecturer  on  Economic  Geology  at  the  Birkbeck  Institution,  &c.     With   Illus- 
trations.    Crown  Svo,  cloth         .........     2/6 

"  A  clearly  and  well-written  manual  for  persons  engaged  ormterested  in  the  granite  industry.'' 
— Scotsman. 

TRAVERSE  TABLES. 

For  use  in  Mine  Surveying.  By  W.  LINTERN,  Mining  Engineer.  Crown 
Svo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  Net  3/O 


ELECTRICITY,  ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERING,  &c.     23 

ELECTRICITY,     ELECTRICAL 
ENGINEERING,  &c. 


SUBMARINE  TELEGRAPHS. 

Their  History,  Construction,  and  Working.  Founded  in  part  on  WUNSCHEN- 
DORFF'S  "  Trait6  de  Telegraphic  Sous-Marine,"  and  Compiled  from  Authorita- 
tive and  Exclusive  Sources.  By  CHARLES  BRIGHT,  F.R.S.E.  Super-royal 
8vo,  about  780  pp.,  fully  Illustrated,  including  Maps  and  Folding  Plates 

[Just  Published.     Net    £3  3S. 

"  There  are  few,  if  any,  persons  more  fitted  to  write  a  treatise  on  submarine  telegraphy  than 
Mr.  Charles  Bright.  The  author  has  done  his  work  admirably,  and  has  written  in  a  way  which  will 
appeal  as  much  to  the  layman  as  to  the  engineer.  This  admirable  volume  must,  for  many  years  to 
come,  hold  the  position  of  the  English  classic  on  submarine  telegraphy." — Engineer. 

"  This  book  is  full  of  information.  It  makes  a  book  of  reference  which  should  be  in  every 
engineer's  library." — Nature. 

"  Mr.  Bright's  interestingly  written  and  admirably  illustrated  book  will  meet  with  a  welcome 
reception  from  cable  men." — Electrician. 

"  The  author  deals  with  his  subject  from  all  points  of  view — political  and  strategical  as  well  as 
scientific.  The  work  will  be  of  interest,  not  only  to  men  of  science,  but  to  the  general  public.  We 
can  strongly  recommend  it." — Athenezum. 

"The  work  contains  a  great  store  of  technical  information  concerning  the  making  and  work- 
ing of  submarine  telegraphs.  In  bringing  together  the  most  valuable  results  relating  to  the  evolu- 
tion of  the  telegraph,  the  author  has  rendered  a  service  that  will  be  very  widely  appreciated."— 
Morning-  Post. 

DYNAMO   ELECTRIC  MACHINERY. 

Its  Construction,  Design,  and  Operation  (Direct  Current  Machines).  By 
SAMUEL  SHELDON,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  assisted  by  H.  MASON,  B.S.  Second 
Edition,  Revised.  Large  crown  8vo,  cloth.  With  202  illustrations. 

[Just  Published.    Net    1O/6 

THE   ELECTRICAL  ENGINEER'S   POCKET-BOOK. 

Consisting  of  Modern  Rules,  Formulae,  Tables,  and  Data.  By  H.  R.  KEMPE, 
M.Inst.E.E.,  A.M.Inst.C.E.,  Technical  Officer  Postal  Telegraphs,  Author  of 
"A  Handbook  of  Electrical  Testing,"  "The  Engineer's  Year-Book,"  &c. 
Second  Edition,  thoroughly  Revised,  with  Additions.  With  numerous  Illus- 
trations. Royal  32mo,  oblong,  leather 5/O 

"  It  is  the  best  book  of  its  kind."— Electrical  Engineer. 

"  The  Electrical  Engineer's  Pocket-Book  is  a  good  one." — Electrician. 

"  Strongly  recommended  to  those  engaged  in  the  electrical  industries." — Electrical  Review, 

ELECTRIC  LIGHT  FITTING. 

A  Handbook  for  Working  Electrical  Engineers,  embodying  Practical  Notes  on 

Installation   Management.      By  J.    W.    URQUHART,    Electrician,   Author  of 

"  Electric     Light,"    &c.       With     numerous     Illustrations.       Third     Edition, 

Revised,  with  Additions.     Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.     5/O 

"  This  volume  deals  with  what  may  be  termed  the  mechanics  of  electric  lighting,  and  is 

addressed  to  men  who  are  already  engaged  in  the  work,  or  are  training  for  it.     The  work  traverses 

a  great  deal  of  ground,  and  may  be  read  as  a  sequel  to  the  same  author's  useful  work  on  '  Electric 

Light.' " — Electrician. 

ELECTRIC   LIGHT. 

Its  Production  and  Use,  Embodying  Plain  Directions  for  the  Treatment  of 

Dynamo-Electric   Machines,    Batteries,  Accumulators,    and   Electric   Lamps. 

By  J.  W.  URQUHART,  C.E.     Sixth  Edition,  Revised,  with  Additions  and  145 

Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.     7/Q 

"The  whole  ground  of  electric  lighting  is  more  or  less  covered  and  explained  in  a  very  clear 

and  concise  manner." — Electrical  Review. 

"  A  vade-mecum  of  the  salient  facts  connected  with  the  science  of  electric  lighting."— 
Electrician. 

DYNAMO  CONSTRUCTION. 

A  Practical  Handbook  for  the  Use  of  Engineer-Constructors  and  Electricians- 
in -Charge.  Embracing  Framework  Building,  Field  Magnet  and  Armature 
Winding  and  Grouping,  Compounding,  &c.  By  J.  W.  URQUHART.  Second 

Edition,   Enlarged.     Crown  8vo,  cloth 7/6 

"  Mr.  Urquhart's  book  is  the  first  one  which  deals  with  these  matters  in  such  a  way  that  the 
engineering  student  can  understand  them.  The  book  is  very  readable,  and  the  author  leads  his 
readers  up  to  difficult  subjects  by  reasonably  simple  tests."— Engineering  Review. 


24          CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD  <5-  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 


THE  MANAGEMENT  OF   DYNAMOS. 

A  Handy  Book  of  Theory  and  Practice  for  the  Use  of  Mechanics,  Engineers, 
Students,  and  others  in  Charge  of  Dynamos.     By  G.  W.  LUMMIS-PATERSON. 
Second  Edition,  thoroughly  Revised  and  Enlarged.     With  numerous  Illustra- 
tions.    Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.     4/6 
"  An  example  which  deserves  to  be  taken  as  a  model  by  other  authors.    The  subject  is  treated 
In  a  manner  which  any  intelligent  man  who  is  fit  to  be  entrusted  with  charge  of  an  engine  should 
be  able  to  understand.    It  is  a  useful  book  to  all  who  make,  tend,  or  employ  electric  machinery." 
— Architect. 

THE  STANDARD   ELECTRICAL  DICTIONARY. 

A  Popular  Encyclopaedia  of  Words  and  Terms  Used  in  the  Practice  of  Electrical 
Engineering.  By  T.  O'CoNOR  SLOANE,  A.M.,  Ph.D.  Second  Edition, 
with  Appendix  to  date.  Crown  8vo,  680  pp.,  390  Illustrations,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.     7/6 

"  The  work  has  many  attractive  features  In  it,  and  is,  beyond  doubt,  a  well  put  together  and 
useful  publication.  The  amount  of  ground  covered  may  be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  in  the  index 
about  5,600  references  will  be  found." — Electrical  Review. 

ELECTRIC  SHIP-LIGHTING. 

A  Handbook  on  the  Practical  Fitting  and  Running  of  Ships'  Electrical  Plant. 
For  the  Use  of  Shipowners  and  Builders,  Marine  Electricians,  and  Seagoing 
Engineers-in-Charge.  By  J.  W.  URQUHART,  C.E.  Second  Edition,  Revised 
and  Extended.  326  pp.,  with  88  Illustrations,  Crown  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.     7/6 

"The  subject  of  ship  electric  lighting  is  one  of  vast  importance,  and  Mr.  Urquhart  is  to  be 
highly  complimented  for  placing  such  a  valuable  work  at  the  service  of  marine  electricians."—  The 
Steamship. 

ELECTRIC   LIGHT  FOR  COUNTRY   HOUSES. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  the  Erection  and  Running  of  Small  Installations, 

with   Particulars  of  the   Cost  of  Plant  and  Working.     By  J.   H.   KNIGHT. 

Third  Edition,  Revised.     Crown  8vo,  wrapper.  [Just  Published.     1 1Q 

"The  book  contains  excellent  advice  and  many  practical  hints  for  the  help  of  those  who  wish 

to  light  their  own  houses.  "—Building  News. 

ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  (ELEMENTARY  PRINCIPLES  OF). 

By  ALAN  A.  CAMPBELL  SWINTON,  M.Inst.C.E.,  M.Inst.E.E.    Fourth  Edition, 
Revised.     With  16  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth.        [Just  Published.     1/6 
"  Any  one  who  desires  a  short  and  thoroughly  clear  exposition  of  the  elementary  principles  of 
electric  lighting  cannot  do  better  than  read  this  little  work." — Bradford  Observer. 

DYNAMIC    ELECTRICITY   AND    MAGNETISM. 

By  PHILIP  ATKINSON,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  Author  of  "Elements  of  Static 
Electricity,"  &c.  Crown  8vo,  417  pp.,  with  120  Illustrations,  cloth  .  1O/6 

POWER  TRANSMITTED   BY   ELECTRICITY 

And  applied  by  the  Electric  Motor,  including  Electric  Railway  Construction. 
By  P.  ATKINSON,  A.M.,  Ph.D.  Third  Edition,  Fully  Revised,  and  New 
Matter  added.  With  94  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.    Net    9/Q 

HOW  TO  MAKE  A  DYNAMO. 

A  Practical  Treatise  for  Amateurs.  Containing  numerous  Illustrations  and 
Detailed  Instructions  for  Constructing  a  Small  Dynamo  to  Produce  the 
Electric  Light.  By  ALFRED  CROFTS.  Sixth  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  2/O 

"  The  instructions  given  in  this  unpretentious  little  book  are  sufficiently  clear  and  explicit  to 

enable  any  amateur  mechanic  possessed  of  average  skill  and  the  usual  tools  to  be  found  in  an 

amateur's  workshop  to  build  a  practical  dynamo  machine."— Electrician. 

THE  STUDENT'S  TEXT-BOOK  OF  ELECTRICITY. 

By  H.  M.  NOAD,  F.R.S.  Cheaper  Edition.  650  pp.,  with  470  Illustrations. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth 9/O 


ARCHITECTURE,  BUILDING,   &>c.  25 

ARCHITECTURE,  BUILDING,  &c. 


PRACTICAL  BUILDING   CONSTRUCTION. 

A    Handbook   for   Students   Preparing   for    Examinations,    and    a    Book    of 

Reference  for  Persons  Engaged  in  Building.      By  JOHN  PARNELL  ALLEN, 

Surveyor,    Lecturer   on    Building   Construction   at    the    Durham   College   of 

Science,     Newcastle-on-Tyne.         Third     Edition,      Revised     and     Enlarged. 

Medium  8vo,  450  pp.,  with  1,000  Illustrations,  cloth.       [Just  Published.     7/6 

"  The  most  complete  exposition  of  building  construction  we  have  seen.     It  contains  all  that  is 

necessary  to  prepare  students  for  the  various  examinations  in  building  construction." — Building 

News. 

"  The  author  depends  nearly  as  much  on  his  diagrams  as  on  his  type.  The  pages  suggest 
the  hand  of  a  man  of  experience  in  building  operations — and  the  volume  must  be  a  blessing  to 
many  teachers  as  well  as  to  students." — The  Architect. 

"  The  work  is  sure  to  prove  a  formidable  rival  to  great  and  small  competitors  alike,  and 
bids  fair  to  take  a  permanent  place  as  a  favourite  student's  text-book.  The  large  number  of  illus- 
trations deserve  particular  mention  for  the  great  merit  they  possess  for  purposes  of  reference  in 
exactly  corresponding  to  convenient  scales."— Journal  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects , 

PRACTICAL  MASONRY. 

A  Guide  to  the  Art  of  Stone  Cutting.     Comprising  the  Construction,  Setting 

Out,  and  Working  of  Stairs,  Circular  Work,  Arches,  Niches,  Domes,  Penden- 

tives,  Vaults,  Tracery  Windows,  &c.,  &c.     For  the  Use  of  Students,  Masons, 

and  other  Workmen.     By  WILLIAM  R.  PURCHASE,  Building  Inspector  to  the 

Borough  of  Hove.   Third  Edition,  with  Glossary  of  Terms.   Royal  8vo,  142  pp., 

with    52    Lithographic   Plates,   comprising    nearly    400    separate    Diagrams, 

cloth.  [Just  Published.     7/6 

"Mr.  Purchase's  ' Practical  Masonry '  will  undoubtedly  be  found  useful  to  all  interested  in 

this  important  subject,  whether  theoretically  or  practically.     Most  of  the  examples  given  are  from 

actual  work  carried  out,  the  diagrams  being  carefully  drawn.     The  book  is  a  practical  treatise  on 

the  subject,  the  author  himself  having  commenced  as  an  operative  mason,  and  afterwards  acted  as 

foreman  mason  on  many  large  and  important  buildings  prior  to  the  attainment  of  his  present 

position.     It  should  be  found  of  general  utility  to  architectural  students  and  others,  as  well  as  to 

those  to  whom  it  is  specially  addressed." — Journal  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects. 

MODERN     PLUMBING,     STEAM    AND    HOT    WATER 

HEATING. 

A  New  Practical  Work  for  the  Plumber,  the  Heating  Engineer,  the  Architect, 
and  the  Builder.  By  J.  J.  LAWLER,  Author  of  "  American  Sanitary  Plumbing," 
£c.  With  284  Illustrations  and  Folding  Plates.  410,  cloth. 

[  Just  Published.     Net    2 1  /  - 

HEATING    BY    HOT    WATER. 

With  Information  and  Suggestions  on  the  best  Methods  of  Heating  Public, 
Private  and  Horticultural  Buildings.  By  WALTER  JONES.  Second  Edition. 

With  96  Illustrations,  crown  8vo,  cloth Net  2/6 

"We  confidently  recommend  all  interested  in  heating  by  hot  water  to  secure  a  copy  of  this 
valuable  little  treatise.'1—  The  Plumber  and  Decorator. 

CONCRETE:    ITS  NATURE  AND   USES. 

A  Book  for  Architects,  Builders,  Contractors,  and  Clerks  of  Works.  By 
GEORGE  L.  SUTCLIFFE,  A.R.I.B.A.  350  pp.,  with  numerous  Illustrations. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth 7/6 

"The  author  treats  a  difficult  subject  in  a  lucid  manner.  The  manual  fills  a  long-felt  gap. 
It  is  careful  and  exhaustive  ;  equally  useful  as  a  student's  guide  and  an  architect's  book  of 
reference.  — Journal  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects. 

"  There  is  room  for  this  new  book,  which  will  probably  be  for  some  time  the  standard  work 
on  the  subject  for  a  builder's  purpose." — Glasgow  Herald. 

LOCKWOOD'S  BUILDER'S  PRICE  BOOK  for  1902. 

A  Comprehensive  Handbook  of  the  Latest  Prices  and  Data  for  Builders, 
Architects,  Engineers,  and  Contractors.  Re-constructed,  Re-written,  and 
Greatly  Enlarged.  By  FRANCIS  T.  W.  MILLER.  800  closely-printed  pages, 

crown  8vo,  cloth 4/O 

"  This  book  is  a  very  useful  one,  and  should  find  a  place  in  every  English  office  connected 
with  the  building  and  engineering  professions." — Industries. 
"  An  excellent  book  of  reference." — Architect. 

"  In  its  new  and  revised  form  this  Price  Book  is  what  a  work  of  this  kind  should  be— compre- 
hensive, reliable,  well  arranged,  legible,  and  well  bound.'1— British  Architect. 


26         CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD  &•  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 
THE  DECORATIVE  PART  OF  CIVIL  ARCHITECTURE. 

By  Sir  WILLIAM  CHAMBERS,  F.R.S.  With  Portrait,  Illustrations,  Notes,  and 
an  EXAMINATION  OF  GRECIAN  ARCHITECTURE,  by  JOSEPH  GWILT,  F.S.A. 
Revised  and  Edited  by  W.  H.  LEEDS.  66  Plates,  410,  cloth  .  .  21 /O 

THE  MECHANICS  OF  ARCHITECTURE. 

A  Treatise  on  Applied  Mechanics,  especially  Adapted  to  the  Use  of  Architects. 
By  E.  W.  TARN,  M.A.,  Author  of  "The  Science  of  Building,"  &c.     Second 
Edition,  Enlarged.     Illustrated  with  125  Diagrams.     Crown  8vo,  cloth      7/6 
"The  book  is  a  very  useful  and  helpful  manual  of  architectural  mechanics." — Builder. 

A  HANDY  BOOK  OF  VILLA  ARCHITECTURE. 

Being  a  Series  of  Designs  for  Villa  Residences  in  various  Styles.  With 
Outline  Specifications  and  Estimates.  By  C.  WICKES,  Architect.  61  Plates, 
4to,  half-morocco,  gilt  edges £1  11s.  60. 

"  The  whole  of  the  designs  bear  evidence  of  their  being  the  work  of  an  artistic  architect,  and 
they  will  prove  very  valuable  and  suggestive." — Building-  News. 

THE  ARCHITECT'S  GUIDE. 

Being  a  Text-book  of  Useful  Information  for  Architects,  Engineers,  Surveyors, 
Contractors,  Clerks  of  Works,  &c.,  &c.  By  FREDERICK  ROGERS,  Architect. 
Third  Edition.  Crown  8vo,  cloth 3/6 

ARCHITECTURAL  PERSPECTIVE. 

The  whole  Course  and  Operations  of  the  Draughtsman  in  Drawing  a  Large 

House  in  Linear  Perspective.     Illustrated  by  43   Folding  Plates.     By  F.  O. 

FERGUSON.     Second  Edition,  Enlarged.     8vo,  boards     ....     3/6 

"  It  is  the  most  intelligible  of  the  treatises  on  this  ill-treated  subject  that  I  have  met  with." — 

E.  INGRESS  BELL,  ESQ.,  in  the  R.I.B.A.  Journal. 

PRACTICAL  RULES  ON  DRAWING. 

For  the  Operative  Builder  and  Young  Student  in  Architecture.  By  GEORGE 
PYNE.  14  Plates,  4to,  boards .  7IQ 

MEASURING   AND    VALUING   ARTIFICER'S  WORK 

(The  Student's  Guide  to  the  Practice  of).     Containing  Directions  for  taking 

Dimensions,  Abstracting  the  same,  and  bringing  the  Quantities  into  Bill,  with 

Tables  of  Constants  for  Valuation  of  Labour,  and  for  the  Calculation  of  Areas 

and  Solidities.     Originally  edited  by  E.  DOBSON,  Architect.     With  Additions 

by  E.  W.  TARN,  M.A.      Seventh    Edition,    Revised.      With   8    Plates  and 

63  Woodcuts.     Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.     7/6 

"  This  edition  will  be  found  the  most  complete  treatise  on  the  principles  of  measuring  and 

valuing  artificer's  work  that  has  yet  been  published." — Building  News. 

TECHNICAL  GUIDE,  MEASURER,  AND  ESTIMATOR. 

For  Builders  and  Surveyors.  Containing  Technical  Directions  for  Measuring 
Work  in  all  the  Building  Trades,  Complete  Specifications  for  Houses,  Roads, 
and  Drains,  and  an  Easy  Method  of  Estimating  the  parts  of  a  Building 
collectively.  By  A.  C.  BEATON.  Ninth  Edition.  Waistcoat-pocket  size, 

gilt  edges 1/6 

"No  builder,  architect,  surveyor,  or  valuer  should  be  without  his  'Beaton.'" — Building  News 

SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  PRACTICAL  ARCHITECTURE. 

A  Guide  to  the  Architect,  Engineer,  Surveyor,  and  Builder.  With  an  Essay 
on  the  Structure  and  Science  of  Modern  Buildings.  Upon  the  Basis  of  the 
Work  by  ALFRED  BARTHOLOMEW,  thoroughly  Revised,  Corrected,  and  greatly 
added  to  by  FREDERICK  ROGERS,  Architect.  Third  Edition,  Revised.  8vo, 

cloth 15/O 

"The  work  is  too  well  known  to  need  any  recommendation  from  us.     It  is  one  of  the  books 
with  which  every  young  architect  must  be  equipped." — Architect. 

THE  HOUSE-OWNER'S  ESTIMATOR. 

Or,  What  will  it  Cost  to  Build,  Alter,  or  Repair  ?  A  Price  Book  or  Un- 
professional People  as  well  as  the  Architectural  Surveyor  and  Builder.  By 
J.  D.  SIMON.  Edited  by  F.  T.  W.  MILLER,  A.R.I. B.A.  Fifth  Edition, 
Carefully  Revised.  Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  Net  3/6 

"  In  two  years  it  will  repay  its  cost  a  hundred  times  over." — Field. 


SANITATION  AND    WATER  SUPPLY.  27 


SANITATION  AND  WATER  SUPPLY. 


THE  BACTERIAL  PURIFICATION  OF  SEWAGE: 

Being  a  Practical  Account  of  the  Various  Modern  Biological  Methods  of 
Purifying  Sewage.  By  SIDNEY  BARWISE,  M.D.  (Loncl.),  D.P.H.  (Camb.), 
etc.  With  10  Page  Plates  and  2  Folding  Diagrams.  Royal  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.     Net  6/O 

THE   PURIFICATION   OF  SEWAGE. 

Being  a  Brief  Account  of  the  Scientific  Principles  of  Sewage  Purification,  and 
their  Practical  Application.  By  SIDNEY  BARWISE,  M.D.  (Lond.),  M.R.C.S., 
D.P.H.  (Camb.),  Fellow  of  the  Sanitary  Institute,  Medical  Officer  of  Health 
to  the  Derbyshire  County  Council.  Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  5/O 

WATER  AND  ITS  PURIFICATION. 

A  Handbook  for  the  Use  of  Local  Authorities,  Sanitary  Officers,  and  others 
interested  in  Water  Supply.  By  S.  RIDEAL,  D.Sc.  Lond.,  F.I.C.  Second 
Edition,  Revised,  with  Additions,  including  numerous  Illustrations  and  Tables. 
Large  Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  Net  9/O 

RURAL  WATER  SUPPLY. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  the  Supply  of  Water  and  Construction  of  Water- 
works for  Small  Country  Districts.  By  ALLAN  GREENWHLL,  A.M.I.C.E., 
andW.  T.  CURRY,  A.M.I.C.E.  Revised  Edition.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  5/Q 

THE  WATER  SUPPLY  OF  CITIES  AND  TOWNS. 

By  WILLIAM  HUMBER,  A.M.  Inst.  C.E.,  and  M.Inst.  M.E.  Imp.  4to,  half- 
bound  morocco.  (See  page  n.) Net  £6  6S. 

THE   WATER    SUPPLY    OF    TOWNS  AND  THE  CON- 
STRUCTION OF  WATER-WORKS. 

By  PROFESSOR  W.   K.   BURTON,  A.M.  Inst.  C.E.  Second  Edition,  Revised 

and  Extended.     Royal  8vo,  cloth.     (See  page  10.)  ....     25/O 

WATER  ENGINEERING. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Measurement,  Storage,  Conveyance,  and  Utilisa- 
tion of  Water  for  the  Supply  of  Towns.  By  C.  SLAGG,  A.M.  Inst.  C.E.  7/6 

SANITARY  WORK  IN  SMALL  TOWNS  AND  VILLAGES. 

By  CHARLES  SLAGG,  A.  M.  Inst.  C.E.    Crown  8vo,  cloth     .        .        .     3/O 

SANITARY  ARRANGEMENT  OF  DWELLING-HOUSES. 

By  A.  J.  WALLIS-TAYLER,  A.M.Inst.C.E.    Crown  8vo,  cloth    .        .        2/6 

MODERN   PLUMBING,   HOT  WATER   HEATING,    &c. 

A  New  Practical  Work  for  the  Plumber,  the  Heating  Engineer,  the  Architect, 
and  the  Builder.  By  J.  J.  LAWLER,  Author  of  "American  Sanitary  Plumbing," 
&c.  With  284  Illustrations  and  Folding  Plates.  410,  cloth. 

[Just  Published  (see  page  25).     Net    21  /- 

PLUMBING. 

A  Text-book  to  the  Practice  of  the  Art  or  Craft  of  the  Plumber.  By  W.  P. 
BUCHAN,  R.P.  Eighth  Edition,  Enlarged.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  3/6 

VENTILATION. 

A  Text-book  to  the  Practice  of  the  Art  of  Ventilating  Buildings.  By  W.  P. 
BUCHAN,  R.P.  Crown  8vo,  cloth 3/6 

THE  HEALTH  OFFICER'S  POCKET-BOOK. 

A  Guide  to  Sanitary  Practice  and  Law.  For  Medical  Officers  of  Health, 
Sanitary  Inspectors,  Members  of  Sanitary  Authorities,  &c.  By  EDWARD 
F.  WILLOUGHBY,  M.D.  (Lond.),  &c.  Entirely  New  Edition,  Re-written  and 
greatly  Enlarged.  Fcap.  8vo,  cloth  [Just  Published.  Net  1 0/6 


28          CROSBY  LOCKWOOD  £•  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 


CARPENTRY,  TIMBER,  &c. 


THE  ELEMENTARY  PRINCIPLES  OF  CARPENTRY. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Pressure  and  Equilibrium  of  Timber  Framing,  the  Resistance 
of  Timber,  and  the  Construction  of  Floors,  Arches,  Bridges,  Roofs,  Uniting 
Iron  and  Stone  with  Timber,  &c.  To  which  is  added  an  Essay  on  the  Nature 
and  Properties  of  Timber,  &c.,  with  Descriptions  of  the  kinds  of  Wood  used 
in  Building ;  also  numerous  Tables  of  the  Scantlings  of  Timber  for  different 
purposes,  the  Specific  Gravities  of  Materials,  &c.  By  THOMAS  TREDGOLD,  C.E. 
With  an  Appendix  of  Specimens  of  Various  Roofs  of  Iron  and  Stone,  Illus- 
trated. Seventh  Edition,  thoroughly  Revised  and  considerably  Enlarged  by 
E.  WYNDHAM  TARN,  M.A.,  Author  of  "The  Science  of  Building,"  &c. 
With  61  Plates,  Portrait  of  the  Author,  and  several  Woodcuts.  In  One  large 

Vol.,  410,  cloth 25/O 

"Ought  to  be  in  every  architect's  and  every  builder's  library."— Builder. 

"  A   work  whose  monumental  excellence  must  commend  it   wherever  skilful  carpentry  is 

concerned.    The  author's  principles  are  rather  confirmed  than  impaired  by  time.    The  additional 

plates  are  of  great  intrinsic  value."— Building  News. 

WOODWORKING  MACHINERY. 

Its  Rise,  Progress,  and  Construction.     With  Hints  on  the  Management  of  Saw 

Mills  and  the  Economical  Conversion  of  Timber.     Illustrated  with  Examples 

of  Recent  Designs  by  leading  English,  French,  and  American  Engineers.      By 

M.    Powis    BALE,    A.M.Inst.C.E.,    M.I.M.E.      Second   Edition,    Revised, 

with  large  Additions,  large  crown  8vo,  440  pp.,  cloth        ....     9/O 

"Mr.  Bale  is  evidently  an  expert  on  the  subject,  and  he  has  collected  so  much  information 

that  his  book  is  all-sufficient  for  builders  and  others  engaged  in  the  conversion  of  timber." — Architect. 

"The  most  comprehensive  compendium  of  wood-working  machinery  we  have  seen.     The 

author  is  a  thorough  master  of  his  subject."— Building  Ne-ws. 

SAW  MILLS. 

Their  Arrangement  and   Management,   and  the   Economical   Conversion    of 

Timber.      By  M.  Powis  BALE,  A.M.Inst.C.E.      Second  Edition,  Revised. 

Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.     1 Q/6 

"  The  administration  of  a  large  sawing  establishment  is  discussed,  and  the  subject  examined 

from  a  financial  standpoint.     Hence  the  size,  shape,  order,  and  disposition  of  saw  mills  and  the  like 

are  gone  into  in  detail,  and  the  course  of  the  timber  is  traced  from  its  reception  to  its  delivery  in  its 

converted  state.    We  could  not  desire  a  more  complete  or  practical  treatise." — Builder. 

THE  CARPENTER'S  GUIDE. 

Or,  Book  of  Lines  for  Carpenters  ;  comprising  all  the  Elementary  Principles 
essential  for  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  Carpentry.  Founded  on  the  late  PETER 
NICHOLSON'S  standard  work.  A  New  Edition,  Revised  by  ARTHUR  ASHPITEL, 
F.S.A.  Together  with  Practical  Rules  on  Drawing,  by  GEORGE  PYNE. 
With  74  Plates,  410,  cloth £1  1  8. 

A  PRACTICAL  TREATISE  ON  HANDRAILING. 

Showing  New  and  Simple  Methods  for  Finding  the  Pitch  of  the  Plank,  Drawing 

the  Moulds,  Bevelling,  Jpinting-up,  and  Squaring  the  Wreath.     By  GEORGE 

COLLINGS.      Second    Edition,   Revised    and    Enlarged,    to   which    is    added 

A  TREATISE  ON  STAIR-BUILDING.     With  Plates  and  Diagrams     .        .     2/6 

"  Will  be  found  of  practical  utility  in  the  execution  of  this  difficult  branch  of  joinery. " — Builder. 

^  "  Almost  every  difficult  phase  of  this  somewhat  intricate  branch  of  joinery  is  elucidated  by 

the  aid  of  plates  and  explanatory  letterpress." — Furniture  Gazette. 

CIRCULAR  WORK  IN  CARPENTRY  AND  JOINERY. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Circular  Work  of  Single  and  Double  Curvature.  By 
GEORGE  COLLINGS.  With  Diagrams.  Third  Edition,  i2mo,  cloth  .  2/6 

"  An  excellent  example  of  what  a  book  of  this  kind  should  be.    Cheap  in  price,  clear  in 
definition,  and  practical  in  the  examples  selected. " —Builder. 

THE    CABINET-MAKER'S    GUIDE    TO    THE   ENTIRE 

CONSTRUCTION  OP  CABINET  WORK. 

By  RICHARD  BITMEAD.  Illustrated  with  Plans,  Sections  and  Working 
Drawings.  Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  2/6 


CARPENTRY,  TIMBER,  &c.  29 


HANDRAILINQ  COMPLETE  IN  EIGHT  LESSONS. 

On  the  Square-Cut  System.  By  J.  S.  GOLDTHORP,  Head  of  Building 
Department,  Halifax  Technical  School.  With  Eight  Plates  and  over  150 
Practical  Exercises.  410,  cloth 3/6 

"  Likely  to  be  of  considerable  value  to  joiners  and  others  who  take  a  pride  in  good  work. 
The  arrangement  of  the  book  is  excellent.  We  heartily  commend  it  to  teachers  and  students," — 
Timber  Trades  Journal. 

TIMBER  MERCHANT'S  and  BUILDER'S  COMPANION. 

Containing  New  and  Copious  Tables  of  the  Reduced  Weight  and  Measure 

ment  of  Deals  and  Battens,  of  all  sizes,  from  One  to  a  Thousand  Pieces,  and 

the  relative  Price  that  each  size  bears  per  Lineal  Foot  to  any  given  Price  per 

Petersburgh  Standard  Hundred  ;    the  Price  per  Cube  Foot  of  Square  Timber 

to  any  given  Price  per  Load  of  50  Feet,  &c.,  &c.     By  WILLIAM  DOWSING. 

Fourth  Edition,  Revised  and  Corrected.     Crown  8vo,  cloth    .        .        .     3/O 

"We  are  glad  to  see  a  fourth  edition  of  these  admirable  tables,  which  for  correctness  and 

simplicity  of  arrangement  leave  nothing  to  be  desired." — Timber  Trades  Journal. 

THE  PRACTICAL  TIMBER  MERCHANT. 

A   Guide   for  the   Use   of  Building   Contractors,    Surveyors,    Builders,    &c., 

comprising  useful  Tables  for  all  purposes  connected  with  the  Timber  Trade, 

Marks  of  Wood,  Essay  on  the  Strength  of  Timber,  Remarks  on  the  Growth  of 

Timber,  &c.    By  W.  RICHARDSON.    Second  Edition.    Fcap.  8vo,  cloth    .    3/6 

"Contains    much  valuable   information   for  timber  merchants,  builders,  foresters,  and  all 

others  connected  with  the  growth,  sale,  and  manufacture  of  timber." — yournal  of  Forestry. 

PACKING-CASE  TABLES. 

Showing  the  number  of  Superficial  Feet  in  Boxes  or  Packing-Cases,  from  six 
inches  square  and  upwards.  By  W.  RICHARDSON,  Timber  Broker.  Third 
Edition.  Oblong  410,  cloth ...  3/6 

"Invaluable  labour-saving  tables." — Ironmonger. 

GUIDE  TO  SUPERFICIAL  MEASUREMENT. 

Tables  calculated  from  i  to  200  inches  in  length  by  i  to  108  inches  in  breadth. 

For     the     use     of    Architects,    Surveyors,    Engineers,    Timber    Merchants, 

Builders,  &c.     By  JAMES  HAWKINGS.     Fourth  Edition.     Fcap.,  cloth  .     3/6 

"  A  useful  collection  of  tables  to  facilitate  rapid  calculation  of  surfaces.    The  exact  area  of 

any  surface  of  which  the  limits  have  been  ascertained  can  be  instantly  determined.    The  book  will 

be  found  of  the  greatest  utility  to  all  engaged  in  building  operations.  — Scotsman. 

PRACTICAL    FORESTRY. 

And  its  Bearing  on  the  Improvement  of  Estates.  By  CHARLES  E.  CURTIS, 
F.S.I.,  Professor  of  Forestry,  Field  Engineering,  and  General  Estate 
Management,  at  the  College  of  Agriculture,  Downton.  Second  Edition, 
Revised.  Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  3/6 

SUMMARY  OF  CONTENTS  :  — PREFATORY  REMARKS.  —  OBJECTS  OF  PLANTING.— 
CHOICE  OF  A  FORESTER.— CHOICE  OF  SOIL  AND  SITE.— LAYING  OUT  OF  LAND  FOR 
PLANTATIONS.— PREPARATION  OF  THE  GROUND  FOR  PLANTING. —DRAINAGE.— PLANT- 
ING.— DISTANCES  AND  DISTRIBUTION  OF  TREES  IN  PLANTATIONS.— TREES  AND  GROUND 
GAME.— ATTENTION  AFTER  PLANTING.— THINNING  OF  PLANTATIONS  —  PRUNING  OF 
FOREST  TREES.— REALIZATION.— METHODS  OF  SALE.— MEASUREMENT  OF  TIMBER.— 
MEASUREMENT  AND  VALUATION  OF  LARCH  PLANTATION.— FIRE  LINES.— COST  OF 
PLANTING. 

"  Mr.  Curtis  has  in  the  course  of  a  series  of  short  pithy  chapters  afforded  much  informa- 
tion of  a  useful  and  practical  character  on  the  planting  and  subsequent  treatment  of  trees." — 
Illustrated  Carpenter  and  Builder. 

THE  ELEMENTS  OF  FORESTRY. 

Designed  to  afford  Information  concerning  the  Planting  and  Care  of  Forest 
Trees  for  Ornament  or  Profit,  with  suggestions  upon  the  Creation  and  Care  of 
Woodlands.  By  F.  B.  HOUGH.  Large  crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .1 0/O 

THE    TIMBER    IMPORTER'S,  TIMBER  MERCHANT'S, 

AND  BUILDER'S  STANDARD  GUIDE. 

By  RICHARD  E.  GRANDY.  Comprising :— An  Analysis  of  Deal  Standards, 
Home  and  Foreign,  with  Comparative  Values  and  Tabular  Arrangements  for 
fixing  Net  Landed  Cost  on  Baltic  and  North  American  Deals,  including  all 
intermediate  Expenses,  Freight,  Insurance,  &c. ;  together  with  copious  Informa- 
tion for  the  Retailer  and  Builder.  Third  Edition,  izrno,  cloth  2/O 


3o          CROSBY  LOCKWOOD  *•  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 


DECORATIVE  ARTS,  &c. 


SCHOOL    OF    PAINTING     FOR    THE     IMITATION    OF 

WOODS  AND  MARBLES. 

As  Taught  and  Practised  by  A.  R.  VAN  DER  BURG  and  P.  VAN  DER  BURG 
Directors  of  the  Rotterdam  Painting  Institution.  Royal  folio,  18^  by  12$  in., 
Illustrated  with  24  full-size  Coloured  Plates  ;  also  12  plain  Plates,  comprising 
154  Figures.  Third  Edition,  cloth.  {Just  Published.  £1  11S.  60. 

LIST  OF  PLATES  :— i.  VARIOUS  TOOLS  REQUIRED  FOR  WOOD  PAINTING.— 2, 3.  WALNUT  ; 
PRELIMINARY  STAGES  OF  GRAINING  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN.— 4.  TOOLS  USED  FOR 
MARBLE  PAINTING  AND  METHOD  OF  MANIPULATION.— 5,  6.  ST.  REMI  MARBLE; 
EARLIER  OPERATIONS  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN.  —  7.  METHODS  OF  SKETCHING 
DIFFERENT  GRAINS,  KNOTS,  &c.— 8,  9.  ASH:  PRELIMINARY  STAGES  AND  FINISHED 
SPECIMEN.— 10.  METHODS  OF  SKETCHING  MARBLE  GRAINS.— n,  12.  BRECHE  MARBLE  ; 
PRELIMINARY  STAGES  OF  WORKING  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN.— 13.  MAPLE  ;  METHODS 
OF  PRODUCING  THE  DIFFERENT  GRAINS.— 14,  15.  BIRD'S-EYE  MAPLE;  PRELIMINARY 
STAGES  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN.— 16.  METHODS  OF  SKETCHING  THE  DIFFERENT 
SPECIES  OF  WHITE  MARBLE.-^,  18.  WHITE  MARBLE  ;  PRELIMINARY  STAGES  OF 
PROCESS  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN.— 19.  MAHOGANY;  SPECIMENS  OF  VARIOUS  GRAINS 
AND  METHODS  OF  MANIPULATION.— 20,  21.  MAHOGANY;  EARLIER  STAGES  AND 
FINISHED  SPECIMEN.— 22,  23,  24.  SIENNA  MARBLE;  VARIETIES  OF  GRAIN,  PRELIMINARY 
STAGES  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN.— 25,  26,  27.  JUNIPER  WOOD;  METHODS  OF  PRO- 
DUCING GRAIN,  &c. ;  PRELIMINARY  STAGES  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN.— 28,  29,  30.  VERT 
DE  MER  MARBLE;  VARIETIES  OF  GRAIN  AND  METHODS  OF  WORKING,  UNFINISHED 
AND  FINISHED  SPECIMENS.— 31,  32,  33.  OAK  ;  VARIETIES  OF  GRAIN,  TOOLS  EMPLOYED 
AND  METHODS  OF  MANIPULATION,  PRELIMINARY  STAGES  AND  FINISHED  SPECIMEN.— 
34,  35,  36.  WAULSORT  MARBLE;  VARIETIES  OF  GRAIN,  UNFINISHED  AND  FINISHED 
SPECIMENS. 

"Those  who  desire  to  attain  skill  in  the  art  of  painting  woods  and  marbles  will  find  advantage 
in  consulting  this  book.  .  .  .  Some  of  the  Working  Men's  Clubs  should  give  their  young  men 
the  opportunity  to  study  it." — Builder. 

"  A  comprehensive  guide  to  the  art.  The  explanations  of  the  processes,  the  manipulation 
and  management  of  the  colours,  and  the  beautifully  executed  plates  will  not  be  the  least  valuable  to 
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"  Students  and  novices  are  fortunate  who  are  able  to  become  the  possessors  of  so  noble  a 
work."—  The  Architect. 

ELEMENTARY  DECORATION. 

A  Guide  to  the  Simpler  Forms  of  Everyday  Art.  Together  with  PRACTICAL 
HOUSE  DECORATION.  By  JAMES  W.  FACEY.  With  numerous  Illus- 
trations. In  One  Vol.,  strongly  half-bound S/O 

HOUSE     PAINTING,     GRAINING,     MARBLING,     AND 

SIGN    WRITING. 

A  Practical    Manual  of.     By  ELLIS  A.  DAVIDSON.     Eighth  Edition.    With 
Coloured  Plates  and  Wood  Engravings.     121110,  cloth  boards  .         .         .     QIQ 
"  A  mass  of  information  of  use  to  the  amateur  and  of  value  to  the  practical  man."— English 
Mechanic. 

THE  DECORATOR'S  ASSISTANT. 

A  Modern  Guide  for  Decorative  Artists  and  Amateurs,  Painters,  Writers, 
Gilders,  &c.  Containing  upwards  of  600  Receipts,  Rules,  and  Instructions  ; 
with  a  variety  of  Information  for  General  Work  connected  with  every  Class  of 
Interior  and  Exterior  Decorations,  &c.  Seventh  Edition.  152  pp.,  cr.  8vo.  1  /O 
"Full  of  receipts  of  value  to  decorators,  painters,  gilders,  &c.  The  book  contains  the  gist  of 

larger  treatises  on  colour  and  technical  processes.     It  would  be  difficult  to  meet  with  a  work  so  full 

of  varied  information  on  the  painter's  art." — Building  Ne-ws. 

MARBLE  DECORATION 

And  the  Terminology  of  British  and  Foreign  Marbles.  A  Handbook  for 
Students.  By  GEORGE  H.  BLAGROVE,  Author  of  "  Shoring  and  its  Applica- 
tion," &c.  With  28  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  ....  3/6 

"  This  most  useful  and  much  wanted  handbook  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  architect  and 
builder."— Building  World. 

"A  carefully  and  usefully  written  treatise ;  the  work  is  essentially  practical." — Scotsman, 


DECORATIVE  ARTS,   6*.  31 

DELAMOTTE'S  WORKS   ON    ALPHABETS  AND 
ILLUMINATION. 


ORNAMENTAL  ALPHABETS,  ANCIENT  &  MEDI/EVAL. 

From  the  Eighth  Century,  with  Numerals;  including  Gothic,  Church-Text, 
large  and  small,  German,  Italian,  Arabesque,  Initials  for  Illumination, 
Monograms,  Crosses,  &c.,  &c.,  for  the  use  of  Architectural  and  Engineering 
Draughtsmen,  Missal  Painters,  Masons,  Decorative  Painters,  Lithographers, 
Engravers,  Carvers,  &c.,  &c.  Collected  and  Engraved  by  F.  DELAMOTTE,  and 
printed  in  Colours.  New  and  Cheaper  Edition.  Royal  8vo,  oblong, 

ornamental  boards 2/6 

"  For  those  who  insert  enamelled  sentences  round  gilded  chalices,  who  blazon  shop  legends 

over  shop-doors,  who  letter  church  walls  with  pithy  sentences  from  the  Decalogue,  this  book  will  be 

useful. " — Athentzum. 

MODERN  ALPHABETS,  PLAIN  AND  ORNAMENTAL. 

Including  German,  Old  English,  Saxon,  Italic,  Perspective,  Greek,  Hebrew, 
Court  Hand,  Engrossing,  Tuscan,  Riband,  Gothic,  Rustic,  and  Arabesque  ; 
with  several  Original  Designs,  and  an  Analysis  of  the  Roman  and  Old  English 
Alphabets,  large  and  small,  and  Numerals,  for  the  use  of  Draughtsmen, 
Surveyors,  Masons,  Decorative  Painters,  Lithographers,  Engravers,  Carvers, 
&c.  Collected  and  Engraved  by  F.  DELAMOTTE,  and  printed  in  Colours. 
New  and  Cheaper  Edition.  Royal  8vo,  oblong,  ornamental  boards  .  2/6 
"  There  is  comprised  in  it  every  possible  shape  into  which  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  and 

numerals  can  be  formed,  and  the  talent  which  has  been  expended  in  the  conception  of  the  various 

plain  and  ornamental  letters  is  wonderful." — Standard. 

MEDI/EVAL    ALPHABETS     AND     INITIALS     FOR 

ILLUMINATORS. 

By  F.  G.  DELAMOTTE.     Containing  21  Plates  and  Illuminated  Title,  printed 

in  Gold  and  Colours.     With  an  Introduction  by  J.  WILLIS  BROOKS.     Fourth 

and  Cheaper  Edition.     Small  410,  ornamental  boards       ....     4/O 

"A  volume  in  which  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  come  forth  glorified  in  gilding  and  all  the 

colours  of  the  prism  interwoven  and  intertwined  and  intermingled." — Sun. 

A   PRIMER  OF  THE  ART  OF  ILLUMINATION. 

For  the  Use  of  Beginners  ;  with  a  Rudimentary  Treatise  on  the  Art,  Practical 
Directions  for  its  Exercise,  and  Examples  taken  from  Illuminated  MSS., 
printed  in  Gold  and  Colours.  By  F.  DELAMOTTE.  New  and  Cheaper 

Edition.  Small  410,  ornamental  boards 6/O 

"  The  examples  of  ancient  MSS.  recommended  to  the  student,  which,  with  much  good  sense, 

the  author  chooses  from  collections  accessible  to  all,  are  selected  with  judgment  and  knowledge  as 

well  as  taste."— Athenaum. 

THE   EMBROIDERER'S  BOOK  OF  DESIGN. 

Containing  Initials,  Emblems,  Cyphers,  Monograms,  Ornamental  Borders, 
Ecclesiastical  Devices,  Mediaeval  and  Modern  Alphabets,  and  National 
Emblems.  Collected  by  F.  DELAMOTTE,  and  printed  in  Colours.  Oblong 

royal  8vo,  ornamental  wrapper 1/6 

"  The  book  will  be  of  great  assistance  to  ladies  and  young  children  who  are  endowed  with 
the  art  of  plying  the  needle  in  this  most  ornamental  and  useful  pretty  work." — East  Anglian  Times. 


INSTRUCTIONS  IN  WOOD-CARVING  FOR  AMATEURS. 

With  Hints  on  Design.     By  A  LADY.     With  10  Plates.     New  and  Cheaper 

Edition.     Crown  8vo,  in  emblematic  wrapper 2/O 

"  The  handicraft  of  the  wood-carver,  so  well  as  a  book  can  impart  it,  may  be  learnt  from  '  A 
Lady's  '  publication."— A thenaum. 

PAINTING   POPULARLY  EXPLAINED. 

By  THOMAS  JOHN  GULLICK,  Painter,  and  JOHN  TIMES,  F.S.A.  Including 
Fresco,  Oil,  Mosaic,  Water-Colour,  Water-Glass,  Tempera,  Encaustic, 
Miniature,  Painting  on  Ivory,  Vellum,  Pottery,  Enamel,  Glass,  &c.  Fifth 

Edition.     Crown  8vo,  cloth 6/O 

***  Adopted,  as  a  Prize  Book  at  South  Kensington. 

"  Much  may  be  learned,  even  by  those  who  fancy  they  do  not  require  to  be  taught,  from  the 
careful  perusal  of  this  unpretending  but  comprehensive  treatise."— A rt  Journal. 


32          CROSBY  LOCKWOOD  «•  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 


NATURAL  SCIENCE,  &c. 


THE  VISIBLE  UNIVERSE. 

Chapters  on  the  Origin  and  Construction  of  the  Heavens.  By  J.  E.  GORE, 
F.R.A.S.,  Author  of  "  Star  Groups,"  &c.  Illustrated  by  6  Stellar  Photographs 
and  12  Plates.  Demy  8vo,  cloth 1  6/O 

"  A  valuable  and  lucid  summary  of  recent  astronomical  theory,  rendered  more  valuable  and 
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"  In  presenting  a  clear  and  concise  account  of  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  Mr.  Gore 
has  made  a  valuable  addition  to  the  literature  of  the  subject." — Nature. 

"  Mr.  Gore's  '  Visible  Universe '  is  one  of  the  finest  works  on  astronomical  science  that  have 
recently  appeared  in  our  language.  In  spirit  and  in  method  it  is  scientific  from  cover  to  cover,  but 
the  style  is  so  clear  and  attractive  that  it  will  be  as  acceptable  and  as  readable  to  those  who  make 
no  scientific  pretensions  as  to  those  who  devote  themselves  specially  to  matters  astronomical."— 
Leeds  Mercury, 

STAR  GROUPS. 

A  Student's  Guide  to  the  Constellations.  By  J.  ELLARD  GORE,  F.R.A.S. 
M.R.I. A.,  &c.,  Author  of  "The  Visible  Universe,"  "The  Scenery  of  the 

Heavens,"  &c.     With  30  Maps.     Small  4to,  cloth 5/O 

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to  notice  objects  of  special  interest.  For  the  purpose  of  a  preliminary  survey  of  the  'midnight 
pomp  '  of  the  heavens  nothing  could  be  better  than  a  set  of  delineations  averaging  scarcely  twenty 
square  inches  in  area  and  including  nothing  that  cannot  at  once  be  identified." — Saturday  Review. 

AN  ASTRONOMICAL  GLOSSARY. 

Or,  Dictionary  of  Terms  used  in  Astronomy.  With  Tables  of  Data  and  Lists 
of  Remarkable  and  Interesting  Celestial  Objects.  By  J.  ELLARD  GORE, 
F.R.A.S.,  Author  of  "  The  Visible  Universe,"  &c.  Small  crown  8vo,  cloth. 

2/6 

"A  very  useful  little  work  for  beginners  in  astronomy,  and  not  to  be  despised  by  more 
advanced  students." — The  Times. 

"  A  very  handy  book  ...  the  utility  of  which  is  much  increased  by  its  valuable  tables  of 
astronomical  data." — Athenaum. 

THE  MICROSCOPE. 

Its  Construction  and  Management.  Including  Technique,  Photo-micrography, 
and  the  Past  and  Future  of  the  Microscope.  By  Dr.  HENRI  VAN  HEURCK. 
Re-Edited  and  Augmented  from  the  Fourth  French  Edition,  and  Translated 
by  WYNNE  E.  BAXTER,  F.G.S.  400  pp.,  with  upwards  of  250  Woodcuts, 
imp.  8vo,  cloth "I  8/O 

"  A  translation  of  a  well-known  work,  at  once  popular  and  comprehensive." — Times. 

"  The  translation  is  as  felicitous  as  it  is  accurate." — Nature. 

ASTRONOMY. 

By  the  late  Rev.  ROBERT  MAIN,  M.A.,  F.R.S.  Third  Edition,  Revised  by 
WILLIAM  THYNNE  LYNN,  B.A.,  F.R.A.S.,  formerly  of  the  Royal  Observatory, 

Greenwich.     i2mo,  cloth 2/O 

"A  sound  and  simple  treatise,  very  carefully  edited,  and  a  capital  book  for  beginners."— 
Knowledge. 

"  Accurately  brought  down  to  the  requirements  of  the  present  time  by  Mr.  Lynn." — 
Educational  Times. 

A  MANUAL  OF  THE  MOLLUSCA. 

A  Treatise  on  Recent  and  Fossil  Shells.  By  S.  P.  WOODWARD,  A.L.S., 
F.G.S.  With  an  Appendix  on  RECENT  AND  FOSSIL  CONCHOLOGICAL 
DISCOVERIES,  by  RALPH  TATE,  A.L.S.,  F.G.S.  With  23  Plates  and 
upwards  of  300  Woodcuts.  Reprint  of  Fourth  Edition  (1880).  Crown  8vo, 

cloth 7/6 

"  A  most  valuable  storehouse  of  conchological  and  geological  information."— Science  Gossip. 

THE  TWIN   RECORDS  OF  CREATION. 

Or,  Geology  and  Genesis,  their  Perfect   Harmony  and  Wonderful  Concord. 

By  G.  W.  V.  LE  VAUX.  8vo,  cloth 5/O 

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Shirked,  and  no  sophistry  is  left  unexposed."—  The  Rock. 


NATURAL   SCIENCE.   &c.  33 

HANDBOOK  OF  MECHANICS. 

By  Dr.  LARDNER.  Enlarged  and  re-written  by  BENJAMIN  LOEWY,  F.R.A.S. 
378  Illustrations.  Post  8vo,  cloth 6/O 

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studiously  popular,  and  care  has  been  taken  to  show  the  application  of  the  various  branches  of 
physics  to  the  industrial  arts,  and  to  the  practical  business  of  life."— Mining  Journal. 

HANDBOOK  OF  HYDROSTATICS  AND  PNEUMATICS. 

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HANDBOOK  OF  HEAT. 

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117  Illustrations.  Post  8vo,  cloth 6/O 

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HANDBOOK  OF  OPTICS. 

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With  298  Illustrations.     Small  8vo,  448  pp.,  cloth 5/O 

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ELECTRICITY,  MAGNETISM,  AND  ACOUSTICS. 

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400  Illustrations.  Small  8vo,  cloth 5/O 

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state  of  scientific  knowledge." — Popular  Science  Review. 

HANDBOOK  OF  ASTRONOMY. 

By  Dr.  LARDNER.  Fourth  Edition.  Revised  and  Edited  by  EDWIN  DUNKIN, 
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MUSEUM  OF  SCIENCE  AND  ART. 

Edited  by  Dr.  LARDNER.  With  upwards  of  1,200  Engravings  on  Wood.  In 
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Separate  books  formed  from  the  above. 


Common  Things  Explained.     55. 
The  Microscope.     25.  cloth. 
Popular   Geology.     25.  6d.  cloth. 
Popular  Physics.     25.  6d.  cloth. 


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NATURAL  PHILOSOPHY  FOR  SCHOOLS. 

By  Dr.  LARDNER.     Fcap.  8vo 3/6 

"  A  very  convenient  class  book  for  junior  students  in  private  schools." — British  Quarterly 
Review. 

ANIMAL  PHYSIOLOGY  FOR  SCHOOLS. 

By  Dr.  LARDNER.     Fcap.  8vo 3/6 

"  Clearly  written,  well  arranged,  and  excellently  illustrated,"— Gardener's  Chronicle. 

THE  ELECTRIC  TELEGRAPH. 

By  Dr.  LARDNER.     Revised  by  E.  B.  BRIGHT,  F.R.A.S.     Fcap.  8vo.     .      2/6 
"  One  of  the  most  readable  books  extant  on  the  Electric  Telegraph."— English  Mechanic. 
L.  C 


34          CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD  &•  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 

CHEMICAL    MANUFACTURES, 
CHEMISTRY,    &c. 


THE  GAS  ENGINEER'S  POCKET-BOOK. 

Comprising  Tables,  Notes  and  Memoranda  relating  to  the  Manufacture, 
Distribution  and  Use  of  Coal  Gas  and  the  Construction  of  Gas  Works.  By 
H.  O'CONNOR,  A.M.Inst.C.E.  Second  Edition,  Revised.  470  pp.,  crown  8vo, 
fully  Illustrated,  leather.  [Just  Published.  1Q/6 

"  The  book  contains  a  vast  amount  of  information.     The  author  goes  consecutively  through 
the  engineering  details  and  practical  methods  involved  in  each  of  the  different  processes  or  parts 
of  a  gas-works.     He  has  certainly  succeeded  in  making  a  compilation  of  hard  matters  of  fact 
."—  Ga 


absolutely  interesting  to  read."—  Gas  World. 

"  A  useful  work  of  reference  for  the  gas  engineer  and  all  interested  in  lighting  or  heating  by 
gas,  while  the  analyses  of  the  various  descriptions  of  gas  will  be  of  value  to  the  technical  chemist. 
All  matter  in  any  way  connected  with  the  manufacture  and  use  of  gas  is  dealt  with.  The  book  has 
evidently  been  carefully  compiled,  and  certainly  constitutes  a  useful  addition  to  gas  literature."  — 
Builder. 

"The  volume  contains  a  great  quantity  of  specialised  information,  compiled,  we  believe,  from 
trustworthy  sources,  which  should  make  it  of  considerable  value  to  those  for  whom  it  is  specifically 
produced.  "—Engineer. 

LIGHTING   BY  ACETYLENE 

Generators,  Burners,  and  Electric  Furnaces.     By  WILLIAM  E.  GIBBS,  M.E. 
With  66  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [fust  Published.     7/6 

ENGINEERING  CHEMISTRY. 

A  Practical  Treatise  for  the   Use  of  Analytical  Chemists,   Engineers,    Iron. 

Masters,  Iron  Founders,  Students  and  others.     Comprising  Methods  of  Analysis 

and  Valuation  of  the  Principal  Materials  used  in  Engineering  Work,   with 

Analyses,   Examples  and  Suggestions.      By  H.  J.   PHILI.IPS,    F.I.C.,    F.C.S. 

Second  Edition,  Enlarged.    Crown  8vo,  400  pp.,  with  Illustrations,  cloth   "I  O/6 

"  In  this  work  the  author  has  rendered  no  small  service  to  a  numerous  body  of  practical 

men.  .  .  .  The  analytical  methods  may  be  pronounced  most  satisfactory,  being  as  accurate  as  the 

despatch  required  of  engineering  chemists  permits."  —  Chemical  News. 

"  Full  of  good  things.     As  a  handbook  of  technical  analysis,  it  is  very  welcome."  —  Builder. 
"The  analytical  methods  given  are,  as  a  whole,  such  as  are  likely  to  give  rapid  and  trust- 
worthy results  in  experienced  hands.  .  .  .  There  is  much  excellent  descriptive  matter  in  the  work, 
the  chapter  on  'Oils  and  Lubrication   being  specially  noticeable  in  this  respect."  —  Engineer. 

NITRO-EXPLOSIVES. 

A  Practical  Treatise   concerning   the  Properties,  Manufacture,  and  Analysis 

of  Nitrated  Substances,    including  the  Fulminates,  Smokeless  Powders,    and 

Celluloid.   By  P.  G.  SANFORD,  F.I.  C.,  Consulting  Chemist  to  the  Cotton  Powder 

Company,  &c.    With  Illustrations.    Crown  8vo,  cloth.    [Just  Published.     Q/Q 

"Any  one  having  the  requisite  apparatus  and  materials  could  make  nitro-glycerine  or  gun- 

cotton,  to  say  nothing  of  other  explosives,  by  the  aid  of  the  instructions  in  this  volume.    This  is 

one  of  the  very  few  text-books  in  which  can  be  found  just  what  is  wanted.    Mr.  Sanford  goes 

through  the  whole  list  of  explosives  commonly  used,  names  any  given  explosive,  and  tells  us  of  what 

it  is  composed  and  how  it  is  manufactured.    The  book  is  excellent  throughout."  —  Engineer. 

A  HANDBOOK  ON  MODERN  EXPLOSIVES. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture  and  Use  of  Dynamite,  Gun-Cotton, 

Nitro-Glycerine  and  other  Explosive  Compounds,  including  Collodion-Cotton. 

With   Chapters  on   Explosives  in  Practical   Application.     By   M.    EISSLER. 

Mining   Engineer   and   Metallurgical   Chemist.      Second   Edition,  Enlarged. 

With  150  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.     1  2/6 

"  Useful  not  only  to  the  miner,  but  also  to  officers  of  both  services  to  whom  blasting  and  the 

use  of  explosives  generally  may  at  any  time  become  a  necessary  auxiliary."—  Nature. 

DANGEROUS  GOODS. 

Their  Sources  and  Properties,  Modes  of  Storage  and  Transport.  With  Notes 
and  Comments  on  Accidents  arising  therefrom,  together  with  the  Government 
and  Railway  Classifications,  Acts  of  Parliament,  &c.  A  Guide  for  the  Use  of 
Government  and  Railway  Officials,  Steamship  Owners,  Insurance  Companies 
and  Manufacturers,  and  Users  of  Explosives  and  Dangerous  Goods.  By 
H.  JOSHUA  PHILLIPS,  F.I.C.,  F.C.S.  Crown  8vo,  374  pp.,  cloth  .  .  9/O 
*'  Merits  a  wide  circulation,  and  an  intelligent,  appreciative  study."—  Chemical  News. 


CHEMICAL  MANUFACTURES,   CHEMISTRY,   &>c.       35 


A  MANUAL  OF  THE  ALKALI  TRADE. 

Including  the  Manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid,  Sulphate  of  Soda,  and  Bleaching 
Powder.     By  JOHN  LOMAS,  Alkali  Manufacturer,  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  and 
London.     390  pp.  of  Text.     With  232  Illustrations  and  Working  Drawings, 
Second  Edition,  with  Additions.     Super-royal  8vo,  cloth       .        .     £1   1  Qs. 
"  This  book  is  written  by  a  manufacturer  for  manufacturers.    The  working  details  of  the  most 
approved  forms  of  apparatus  are  given,  and  these  are  accompanied  by  no  less  than  232  wood 
engravings,  all  of  which  may  be  used  for  the  purposes  of  construction.     Every  step  in  the  manu- 
facture is  very  fully  described  in  this  manual,  and  each  improvement  explained.  — Athenceum. 

"  We  find  not  merely  a  sound  and  luminous  explanation  of  the  chemical  principles  of  the 
trade,  but  a  notice  of  numerous  matters  which  have  a  most  important  bearing  on  the  successful 
conduct  of  alkali  works,  but  which  are  generally  overlooked  by  even  experienced  technological 
authors." — Chemical  Review. 

THE  BLOWPIPE  IN  CHEMISTRY,  MINERALOGY,  AND 

GEOLOGY. 

Containing  all  known  Methods  of  Anhydrous  Analysis,  many  Working 
Examples,  and  Instructions  for  Making  Apparatus.  By  Lieut. -Colonel  W.  A. 
Ross,  R.A.,  F.G.S.  With  120  Illustrations.  Second  Edition,  Enlarged. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth 5/O 

"The  student  who  goes  conscientiously  through  the  course  of  experimentation  here  laid  down 
will  gain  a  better  insight  into  inorganic  chemistry  and  mineralogy  than  if  he  had  '  got  up  any  of  the 
best  text-books  of  the  day,  and  passed  any  number  of  examinations  in  their  contents." — Chemical 
News 


THE  MANUAL  OF  COLOURS  AND  DYE-WARES. 

Their   Properties,  Applications,  Valuations,   Impurities  and   Sophistications. 

For  the  Use  of  Dyers,  Printers,  Drysalters,  Brokers,  &c.     By  J.  W.  SLATER. 

Second  Edition,  Revised  and  greatly  Enlarged.     Crown  8vo,  cloth         .     7/g 

"  A  complete  encyclopaedia  of  the  materia  tinctoria.    The  information  given  respecting  each 

article  is  full  and  precise,  and  the  methods  of  determining  the  value  of  articles  such  as  these,  so 

liable  to  sophistication,  are  given  with  clearness,  and  are  practical  as  well  as  valuable." — Chemist 

and  Druggist. 

"  There  is  no  other  work  which  covers  precisely  the  same  ground.  To  students  preparing 
for  examinations  in  dyeing  and  printing  it  will  prove  exceedingly  useful." — Chemical  News. 

A   HANDY  BOOK  FOR  BREWERS. 

Being  a  Practical  Guide  to  the  Art  of  Brewing  and  Malting.     Embracing  the 

Conclusions  of  Modern  Research  which  bear  upon  the  Practice  of  Brewing. 

By  HERBERT  EDWARDS  WRIGHT,  M.A.     Second  Edition,  Enlarged.     Crown 

8vo,  530  pp.,  cloth.  [Just  Published.    12/6 

"  May  be  consulted  with  advantage  by  the  student  who  is  preparing  himself  for  examinational 

tests,  while  the  scientific  brewer  will  find  in  it  a  re'sume'  of  all  the  most  important  discoveries  of 

modern  times.    The  work  is  written  throughout  in  a  clear  and  concise  manner,  and  the  author 

takes  great  care  to  discriminate  between  vague  theories  and  well-established  facts."— Brewers' 

Journal. 

"  We  have  great  pleasure  in  recommending  this  handy  book,  and  have  no  hesitation  in  saying 
that  it  is  one  of  the  best — if  not  the  best — which  has  yet  been  written  on  the  subject  of  beer-brewing 
in  this  country ;  it  should  have  a  place  on  the  shelves  of  every  brewer's  library." — Brewers' 
Guardian. 

"  Although  the  requirements  of  the  student  are  primarily  considered,  an  acquaintance  of  half- 
an-hour's  duration  cannot  fail  to  impress  the  practical  brewer  with  the  sense  of  having  found  a 
trustworthy  guide  and  practical  counsellor  in  brewery  matters." — Chemical  Trade  Journal. 

FUELS:    SOLID,   LIQUID,   AND  GASEOUS. 

Their  Analysis  and  Valuation.     For  the  Use  of  Chemists  and  Engineers.     By 

H.  J.  PHILLIPS,  F.C.S.,  formerly  Analytical  and  Consulting  Chemist  to  the 

G.E.  Rlwy.     Third  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.     Crown  8vo,  cloth     2/O 

"  Ought  to  have  its  place  in  the  laboratory  of  every  metallurgical  establishment  and  wherever 

-.uel  is  used  on  a  large  scale." — Chemical  News. 


36         CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD   &•  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 
THE  ARTISTS'   MANUAL  OF  PIGMENTS. 

Showing  their  Composition,  Conditions  of  Permanency,  Non-Permanency,  and 

Adulterations ;   Effects  in  Combination  with  Each  Other  and  with  Vehicles ) 

and  the  most  Reliable  Tests  of  Purity.  By  H.  C.  STANDAGE.  Crown  8vo.  2/6 

"  This  work  is  indeed  multum-in-parvo,  and  we  can,  with  good  conscience,  recommend  it  to 

all  who  come  in  contact  with  pigments,  whether  as  makers,  dealers,  or  users." — Chemical  Review. 

A  POCKET-BOOK  OF  MENSURATION  AND  GAUGING. 

Containing  Tables,  Rules,  and  Memoranda  for  Revenue  Officers,  Brewers, 
Spirit  Merchants,  &c.  By  J.  B.  MANT,  Inland  Revenue.  Second  Edition, 
Revised.  i8mo,  leather 4/Q 

"This  handy  and  useful  book  is  adapted  to  the  requirements  of  the  Inland  Revenue  Depart- 
ment, and  will  be  a  favourite  book  of  reference." — Civilian. 

"Should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  practical  brewer."— Brewers'  Journal. 


INDUSTRIAL     ARTS,     TRADES,     AND 
MANUFACTURES. 


TEA  MACHINERY  AND  TEA  FACTORIES. 

A    Descriptive    Treatise  on    the    Mechanical   Appliances    required    in    the 

Cultivation  of  the  Tea  Plant  and  the  Preparation  of  Tea  for  the  Market.      By 

A.  J.  WALLIS-TAYLER,  A.  M.  Inst.  C.E.     Medium  8vo,  468  pp.       With   218 

Illustrations.  [Just  Published.    Net  25/O 

SUMMARY   OF    CONTENTS  :  — MECHANICAL   CULTIVATION  OR  TILLAGE  OF  THE 

SOIL.— PLUCKING    OR    GATHERING   THE    LEAF.  — TEA    FACTORIES.— THE    DRESSING, 

MANUFACTURE,   OR    PREPARATION  OF    TEA   BY    MECHANICAL    MEANS.— ARTIFICIAL 

WITHERING  OF  THE   LEAF.— MACHINES  FOR   ROLLING  OR   CURLING    THE   LEAF.— 

FERMENTING  PROCESS.— MACHINES  FOR  THE  AUTOMATIC  DRYING  OR  FIRING  OF  THE 

LEAF.— MACHINES  FOR  NON-AUTOMATIC  DRYING  OR  FIRING  OF  THE  LEAF.— DRYING 

OR  FIRING  MACHINES.— BREAKING  OR  CUTTING,  AND  SORTING  MACHINES.— PACKING 

THE  TEA.— MEANS  OF  TRANSPORT  ON  TEA  PLANTATIONS.— MISCELLANEOUS  MACHINERY 

AND  APPARATUS.— FINAL  TREATMENT  OF  THE  TEA.— TABLES  AND  MEMORANDA. 

"The  subject  of  tea  machinery  is  now  one  of  the  first  interest  to  a  large  class  of  people,  to 
whom  we  strongly  commend  the  volume." — Chamber  of  Commerce  Journal, 

"  When  tea  planting  was  first  introduced  into  the  British  possessions  little,  if  any,  machinery 
was  employed,  but  now  its  use  is  almost  universal.  This  volume  contains  a  very  full  account  of  the 
machinery  necessary  for  the  proper  outfit  of  a  factory,  and  also  a  description  of  the  processes  best 
carried  out  by  this  machinery." — Journal  Society  of  Arts. 

FLOUR  MANUFACTURE. 

A  Treatise  on  Milling  Science  and  Practice.  By  FRIEDRICH  KICK,  Imperial 
Regierungsrath,  Professor  of  Mechanical  Technology  in  the  Imperial  German 
Polytechnic  Institute,  Prague.  Translated  from  the  Second  Enlarged  and 
Revised  Edition  with  Supplement.  By  H.  H.  P.  POWLES,  Assoc.  Memb. 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers.  Nearly  400  pp.  Illustrated  with  28  Folding 

Plates,  and  167  Woodcuts.     Royal  8vo,  cloth £1    5s. 

"  This  valuable  work  is,  and  will  remain,  the  standard  authority  on  the  science  of  milling.  .  .  . 
The  miller  who  has  read  and  digested  this  work  will  have  laid  the  foundation,  so  to  speak,  of  a 
successful  career  ;  he  will  have  acquired  a  number  of  general  principles  which  he  can  proceed  to 
apply.  In  this  handsome  volume  we  at  last  have  the  accepted  text-book  of  modern  milling  in  good, 
sound  English,  which  has  little,  if  any,  trace  of  the  German  idiom."— The  Miller. 

COTTON  MANUFACTURE. 

A  Manual  of  Practical  Instruction  of  the  Processes  of  Opening,  Carding, 
Combing,  Drawing,  Doubling  and  Spinning  of  Cotton,  the  Methods  of 
Dyeing,  &c.  For  the  Use  of  Operatives  Overlookers,  and  Manufacturers. 
By  JOHN  LISTER,  Technical  Instructor,  Pendleton.  8vo,  cloth  .  .  7/6 

"  A  distinct  advance  in  the  literature  of  cotton  manufacture."— Machinery. 

"  It  is  thoroughly  reliable,  fulfilling  nearly  all  the  requirements  desired." — Glasgow  Herald. 

MODERN  CYCLES. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  their  Construction  and  Repair.  By  A.  J.  WALLIS- 
TAYLER,  A.  M.  Inst.  C.  E.  Author  of  "  Refrigerating  Machinery,"  &c.  With 
upwards  of  300  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  1  O/6 

"  The  large  trade  that  is  done  in  the  component  parts  of  bicycles  has  placed  in  the  way  of 
men  mechanically  inclined  extraordinary  facilities  for  building  bicycles  for  their  own  use.  .  .  .  The 
bo«k  will  prove  a  valuable  guide  for  all  those  who  aspire  to  the  manufacture  or  repair  of  their  own 
machines.'*—  The  Field. 

"A  most  comprehensive  and  up-to-date  treatise."—  The  Cycle. 

"  A  very  useful  book,  which  is  quite  entitled  to  rank  as  a  standard  work  for  students  of  cycle 
construction. "—  Wheeling. 


INDUSTRIAL  AND    USEFUL  ARTS.  37 

CEMENTS,  PASTES,  GLUES,  AND  GUMS. 

A  Practical  Guide  to  the  Manufacture  and  Application  of  the  various  Aggluti- 
nants  required  in  the  Building,  Metal-Working,  Wood-Working,  and  Leather- 
Working  Trades,  and  for  Workshop,  Laboratory  or  Office  Use.  With  upwards 
of  900  Recipes  and  Formulae.  By  H.  C.  STANDAGE,  Chemist.  Third  Edition. 
Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  2/O 

"We  have  pleasure  in  speaking  favourably  of  this  volume.  So  far  as  we  have  had 
experience,  which  is  not  inconsiderable,  this  manual  is  trustworthy." — Athemzum. 

"As  a  revelation  of  what  are  considered  trade  secrets,  this  book  will  arouse  an  amount  of 
curiosity  among  the  large  number  of  industries  it  touches." — Daily  Chronicle. 

THE  ART  OF  SOAP-MAKING. 

A  Practical  Handbook  of  the  Manufacture  of  Hard  and  Soft  Soaps,  Toilet 
Soaps,  &c.  Including  many  New  Processes,  and  a  Chapter  on  the  Recovery  of 
Glycerine  from  Waste  Leys.  By  ALX.  WATT.  Sixth  Edition,  including  an 
Appendix  on  Modern  Candlemaking.  Crown  8vo,  cloth. 

[  Just  Published.     7/6 

"The  work  will  prove  very  useful,  not  merely  to  the  technological  student,  but  to  the 
practical  soap  boiler  who  wishes  to  understand  the  theory  of  his  art." — Chemical  News. 

"  A  thoroughly  practical  treatise  on  an  art  which  has  almost  no  literature  in  our  language. 
We  congratulate  the  author  on  the  success  of  his  endeavour  to  fill  a  void  in  English  technical 
literature. " — Nature. 

PRACTICAL  PAPER-MAKING. 

A  Manual  for  Paper-Makers  and  Owners  and  Managers  of  Paper-Mills.     With 
Tables,  Calculations,  &c.     By  G.  CLAPPERTON,  Paper-Maker.     With  Illus- 
trations of  Fibres  from  Micro-Photographs.     Crown  8vo,  cloth        .        .     5/O 
"  The  author  caters  for  the  requirements  of  responsible  mill  hands,  apprentices,  &c.,  whilst 
his  manual  will  be  found  of  great  service  to  students  of  technology,  as  well  as  to  veteran  ] 
makers  and  mill  owners.    The  illustrations  form  an  excellent  feature." — The  World's  Paper 
Review. 

"We  recommend  everybody  interested  in  the  trade  to  get  a  copy  of  this  thoroughly  practical 
book."— Paper  Making. 

THE   ART  OF  PAPER-MAKING. 

A  Practical  Handbook  of  the  Manufacture  of  Paper  from  Rags,  Esparto, 
Straw,  and  other  Fibrous  Materials.  Including  the  Manufacture  of  Pulp  from 
Wood  Fibre,  with  a  Description  of  the  Machinery  and  Appliances  used.  To 
which  are  added  Details  of  Processes  for  Recovering  Soda  from  Waste  Liquors. 
By  ALEXANDER  WATT,  Author  of  "  The  Art  of  Soap-Making."  With  Illus- 
trations. Crown  Svo,  cloth 7IQ 

"It  may  be  regarded  as  the  standard  work  on  the  subject.  The  book  is  full  of  valuable 
information.  The  '  Art  of  Paper-Making'  is  in  every  respect  a  model  of  a  text-book,  either  for  a 
technical  class,  or  for  the  private  student." — Paper  and  Printing  Trades  Journal. 

A  TREATISE  ON   PAPER. 

For  Printers  and  Stationers.  With  an  Outline  of  Paper  Manufacture ;  Complete 
Tables  of  Sizes,  and  Specimens  of  Different  Kinds  of  Paper.  By  RICHARD 
PARKINSON,  late  of  the  Manchester  Technical  School.  Demy  Svo,  cloth. 

{Just  Published.     3/6 

THE  ART  OF  LEATHER  MANUFACTURE. 

Being  a  Practical  Handbook,  in  which  the  Operations  of  Tanning,  Currying, 
and  Leather  Dressing  are  fully  Described,  and  the  Principles  of  Tanning 
Explained,  and  many  Recent  Processes  Introduced  ;  as  also  Methods  for  the 
Estimation  of  Tannin,  and  a  Description  of  the  Arts  of  Glue  Boiling,  Gut 
Dressing,  &c.  By  ALEXANDER  WATT,  Author  of  "  Soap-Making,"  &c 

Fourth  Edition.  Crown  Svo,  cloth 9IQ 

"  A  sound,  comprehensive  treatise  on  tanning  and  its  accessories.  The  book  is  an  eminently 

valuable  production,  which  redounds  to  the  credit  of  both  author  and  publishers."— Chemical 

Review. 

THE  ART  OF  BOOT  AND  SHOE  MAKING. 

A  Practical  Handbook,  including  Measurement,  Last-Fitting,  Cutting-Out, 
Closing  and  Making,  with  a  Description  of  the  most  approved  Machinery 
Employed.  By  JOHN  B.  LENO,  late  Editor  of  St.  Crispin,  and  The  Boot  and 
Shoe-Maker,  izmo,  cloth 2/O 


38          CROSBY   LOCK  WOOD   <&•  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 
WOOD   ENQRAVINQ. 

A  Practical  and  Easy  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Art.  By  W.  N.  BROWN. 
12010,  cloth -jyg 

"The  book  is  clear  and  complete,  and  will  be  useful  to  any  one  wanting  to  understand  the 
first  elements  of  the  beautiful  art  of  wood  engraving." — Graphic. 

MODERN    HOROLOGY,    IN  THEORY    AND   PRACTICE. 

Translated  from  the  French  of  CLAUDIUS  SAUNIER,  ex-Director  of  the  School 
of  Horology  at   Macon,  by  JULIEN  TRIPPLIN,   F.R.A.S.,  Besancon  Watch 
Manufacturer,  and  EDWARD  RIGG,  M.A.,  Assayer  in  the  Royal  Mint.     With 
Seventy-eight  Woodcuts  and  Twenty-two  Coloured  Copper  Plates.     Second 
Edition.     Super-royal  8vo,  cloth,  £2  2s.  ;  half-calf  .        .        .     £2  1 0s. 
"  There  is  no  horological  work  in  the  English  language  at  all  to  be  compared  to  this  produc- 
tion of  M.  Saunier's  for  clearness  and  completeness.     It  is  alike  good  as  a  guide  for  the  student  and 
as  a  reference  for  the  experienced  horologist  and  skilled  workman." — Horological  Journal. 

"The  latest,  the  most  complete,  and  the  most  reliable  of  those  literary  productions  to  which 
continental  watchmakers  are  indebted  for  the  mechanical  superiority  over  their  English  brethren 
—in  fact,  the  Book  of  Books,  is  M.  Saunier's  '  Treatise."'—  Watchinaker,  Jeweller,  and  Silversmith. 

THE  WATCH  ADJUSTER'S  MANUAL. 

A  Practical  Guide  for  the  Watch  and  Chronometer  Adjuster  in  Making, 
Springing,  Timing  and  Adjusting  for  Isochronism,  Positions  and  Temperatures. 
By  C.  E.  FRITTS.  370  pp.,  with  Illustrations,  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .  1 6/O 

THE  WATCHMAKER'S  HANDBOOK. 

Intended  as  a  Workshop  Companion  for  those  engaged  in  Watchmaking  and 

the  Allied   Mechanical  Arts.      Translated  from    the    French    of  CLAUDIUS 

SAUNIER,    and    enlarged    by  JULIEN    TRIPPLIN,    F.R.A.S.,    and    EDWARD 

RIGG,  M.A.,  Assayer  in  the  Royal  Mint.      Third  Edition.     8vo,  cloth.      9/Q 

"  Each  part  is  truly  a  treatise  in  itself.    The  arrangement  is  good  and  the  language  is  clear 

and  concise.    It  is  an  admirable  guide  for  the  young  watchmaker." — Engineering. 

"It  is  impossible  to  speak  too  highly  of  its  excellence.  It  fulfils  every  requirement  in  a 
handbook  intended  for  the  use  of  a  workman.  Should  be  found  in  every  workshop." — Watch  and 
Clockntaker. 

A  HISTORY  OF  WATCHES  &  OTHER  TIMEKEEPERS. 

By  JAMES  F.  KENDAL,  M.B.H.  Inst.     Boards,  1/6;  or  cloth,  gilt       .     2/6 
"The  best  which  has  yet  appeared  on  this  subject  in  the  English  language." — Industries. 
"  Open  the  book  where  you  may,  there  is  interesting  matter  in  it  concerning  the  ingenious- 
devices  of  the  ancient  or  modern  horologer." — Saturday  Review. 

ELECTRO-DEPOSITION. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Electrolysis  of  Gold,  Silver,  Copper,  Nickel,  and 
other  Metals  and  Alloys.  With  Descriptions  of  Voltaic  Batteries,  Magneto 
and  Dynamo-Electric  Machines,  Thermopiles,  and  of  the  Materials  and 
Processes  used  in  every  Department  of  the  Art,  and  several  Chapters  on 
ELECTRO-METALLURGY.  By  ALEXANDER  WATT,  Author  of  "  Electro- 
Metallurgy,"  &c.  Third  Edition,  Revised.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  .  9/O 
"Eminently  a  book  for  the  practical  worker  in  electro-deposition.  It  contains  practical 

descriptions  of  methods,  processes  and  materials,  as  actually  pursued  and  used  in  the  workshop." — 

Engineer, 

ELECTRO-METALLURGY. 

Practically  Treated.     By  ALEXANDER  WATT.     Tenth  Edition,  including  the 

most  recent  Processes.     i2mo,  cloth 3/6 

"  From  this  book  both  amateur  and  artisan  may  learn  everything  necessary  for  the  successfu' 
prosecution  of  electroplating.  "—Iron. 

JEWELLER'S    ASSISTANT    IN    WORKING     IN    GOLD. 

A  Practical  Treatise  for  Masters  and  Workmen,  Compiled  from  the  Experience 

of  Thirty  Years'  Workshop  Practice.     By  GEORGE  E.  GEE,  Author  of  "  The 

Goldsmith's  Handbook,"  &c.     Crown  8vo,  cloth      .        .        .        .        .     7/6 

"  This  manual  of  technical  education  Is  apparently  destined  to  be  a  valuable  auxiliary  to  a 

handicraft  which  is  certainly  capable  of  great  improvement."—  The  Times. 


INDUSTRIAL   AND    USEFUL  ARTS.  39 


ELECTROPLATING. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  the  Deposition  of  Copper,  Silver,  Nickel,  Gold, 
Aluminium,  Brass,  Platinum,  &c.,  &c.  By  J.  W.  URQUHART,  C.E.  Fourth 
Edition,  Revised.  Crown  8vo,  cloth.  \J™t  Published.  5/Q 

"  An  excellent  practical  manual." — Engineering. 

"  An  excellent  work,  giving  the  newest  information." — Horological  Journal. 

ELECTROTYPINQ. 

The  Reproduction  and  Multiplication  of  Printing  Surfaces  and  Works  of  Art 
by  the  Electro-Deposition  of  Metals.  By  J.  W.  URQUHART,  C.E.  Crown  8vo, 
cloth 5/O 

"The  book  is  thoroughly  practical;  the  reader  is,  therefore,  conducted  through  the  leading 
laws  of  electricity,  then  through  the  metals  used  by  electrotypers,  the  apparatus,  and  the  depositing 
processes,  up  to  the  final  preparation  of  the  work." — Art  journal. 

GOLDSMITH'S  HANDBOOK. 

By  GEORGE  E.  GEE,  Jeweller,  &c.     Fifth  Edition,     izmo,  cloth     .        .     3/Q 
"A  good,  sound  educator,  and  will  be  generally  accepted  as  an  authority." — Horological 
Journal. 

SILVERSMITH'S  HANDBOOK. 

By  GEORGE  E.  GEE,  Jeweller,  &c.  Third  Edition,  with  numerous  Illustra- 
tions.  i2mo,  cloth 3/O 

"The  chief  merit  of  the  work  is  its  practical  character.  .  .  .  The  workers  in  the  trade  will 
speedily  discover  its  merits  when  they  sit  down  to  study  it." — English  Mechanic. 

***  The  above  two  works  together,  strongly  half-bound,  price  7s. 

SHEET  METAL  WORKER'S  INSTRUCTOR. 

Comprising  a  Selection  of  Geometrical  Problems  and  Practical  Rules  for 
Describing  the  Various  Patterns  Required  by  Zinc,  Sheet-Iron,  Copper,  and 
Tin-Plate  Workers.  By  REUBEN  HENRY  WARN.  New  Edition,  Revised  and 
greatly  Enlarged  by  JOSEPH  G.  HORNER,  A.M.I.M.E.  Crown  8vo,  254  pp., 
with  430  Illustrations,  cloth.  [Just  Published.  "7/Q 

BREAD    &    BISCUIT    BAKER'S    &    SUGAR-BOILER'S 

ASSISTANT. 

Including  a  large  variety  of  Modern  Recipes.     With  Remarks  on  the  Art  of 

Bread-making.   By  ROBERT  WELLS.   Third  Edition.   Crown  8vo,  cloth  .    2/O 

"A  large  number  of  wrinkles  for  the  ordinary  cook,  as  well  as  the  baker." — Saturday  Review. 

PASTRYCOOK  &  CONFECTIONER'S  GUIDE. 

For  Hotels,  Restaurants,  and  the  Trade  in  general,  adapted  also  for  Family 
Use.  By  R.  WELLS,  Author  of  "  The  Bread  and  Biscuit  Baker."  Crown  8vo, 
cloth 2/O 

"  We  cannot  speak  too  highly  of  this  really  excellent  work.  In  these  days  of  keen  competition 
our  readers  cannot  do  better  than  purchase  this  book." — Bakers'  Times. 

ORNAMENTAL  CONFECTIONERY. 

A  Guide  for  Bakers,  Confectioners  and  Pastrycooks  ;  including  a  variety  of 

Modern  Recipes,  and  Remarks  on  Decorative  and  Coloured  Work.     With  129 

Original  Designs.    By  ROBERT  WELLS.    Second  Edition.    Crown  8vo    .    5/O 

"  A  valuable  work,  practical,  and  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  baker  and  confectioner. 

The  illustrative  designs  are  alone  worth  treble  the  amount  charged  for  the  whole  work."— Bakers' 

Times. 

THE  MODERN  FLOUR  CONFECTIONER,  WHOLESALE 

AND  RETAIL. 

Containing  a  large  Collection  of  Recipes   or  Cheap  Cakes,  Biscuits,  &c.     With 

remarks  on  the  Ingredients  Used  in  their  Manufacture.     By  ROBERT  WELLS, 

Author  of  "  The  Bread  and  Biscuit  Baker,"  &c.     Crown  8vo,  cloth         .     2/O 

"  The  work  is  of  a  decidedly  practical  character,  and  in  every  recipe  regard  is  had  to  economical 

working." — North  British  Daily  Mail. 

RUBBER   HAND   STAMPS 

And  the  Manipulation  of  Rubber.  A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture  of 
Indiarubber  Hand  Stamps,  Small  Articles  of  Indiarubber,  The  Hektograph, 
Special  Inks,  Cements,  and  Allied  Subjects.  By  T.  O'CoNOR  SLOANE,  A.M., 
Ph.D.  With  numerous  Illustrations.  Square  8vo,  cloth  .  .  .  5/O 


40          CROSBY  LOCKWOOD  &•  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 

HANDYBOOKS  FOR  HANDICRAFTS. 

BY  PAUL  N.  HASLUCK. 
Editor  of  "  Work  "  (New  Series),  Author  of  "  Lathe  Work,"  "  Milling  Machines,"  &c. 

Crown  8vo,  144  pp.,  price  is.  each. 

•  •'^'HThese  HANDYBOOKS  have  been  written  to  supply  information  for  WORKMEN, 
STUDENTS,  and  AMATEURS  in  the  several  Handicrafts,  on  the  actual  PRACTICE  of 
the  WORKSHOP,  and  are  intended  to  convey  in  plain  language  TECHNICAL  KNOW- 
LEDGE of  the  several  CRAFTS.  In  describing  the  processes  employed,  and  the  manipu- 
lation of  material,  workshop  terms  are  used ;  workshop  practice  is  fully  explained  ; 
and  the  text  is  freely  illustrated  with  drawings  of  modern  tools,  appliances,  and 
processes. 

THE  METAL  TURNER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

A  Practical  Manual  for  Workers  at  the  Foot-Lathe.    With  over  100  Illus- 
trations.          •     "I/O 

"  The  book  will  be  of  service  alike  to  the  amateur  and  the  artisan  turner.    It   displays 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  subject." — Scotsman. 

THE  WOOD  TURNER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

A  Practical  Manual  for  Workers  at  the  Lathe.     With  over  100  Illustrations. 

1/O 

"  We  recommend  the  book  to  young  turners  and  amateurs.    A  multitude  of  workmen  have 
hitherto  sought  in  vain  for  a  manual  of  this  special  industry.  "—Mechanical  World. 

THE  WATCH  JOBBER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

A  Practical  Manual  on  Cleaning,  Repairing,  and  Adjusting.    With  upwards  of 
loo  Illustrations 1  /O 

"We  strongly  advise  all  young  persons  connected  with  the  watch  trade  to  acquire  and  study 
this  inexpensive  work." — Clerken-well  Chronicle. 

THE  PATTERN  MAKER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

A  Practical   Manual   on   the   Construction  of  Patterns  for  Founders.     With 
upwards  of  100  Illustrations          .........     "|  /Q 

"A  most  valuable,  if  not  indispensable  manual  for  the  pattern  maker." — Knowledge. 

THE  MECHANIC'S  WORKSHOP  HANDYBOOK. 

A   Practical   Manual   on    Mechanical  Manipulation,   embracing   Information 
on  various   Handicraft    Processes.     With    Useful    Notes   and   Miscellaneous 
Memoranda.     Comprising  about  200  Subjects     ......     "|  JQ 

"  A  very  clever  and  useful  book,  which  should  be  found  in  every  workshop ;  and  it  should 
certainly  find  a  place  in  all  technical  schools." — Saturday  Review. 

THE  MODEL  ENGINEER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

A   Practical  Manual  on  the  Construction  of  Model   Steam   Engines.     With 
upwards  of  100  Illustrations.          ......  .  "|  /Q 

"Mr.  Hasluck  has  produced  a  very  good  little  book." — Builder. 

THE  CLOCK  JOBBER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

A  Practical  Manual  on  Cleaning,  Repairing,  and  Adjusting.    With  upwards  of 
100  Illustrations     ............     1  /Q 

"  It  is  of  inestimable  service  to  those  commencing  the  trade." — Coventry  Standard. 

THE  CABINET  MAKER'S  HANDYBOOK. 

A  Practical   Manual   on   the    Tools,    Materials,   Appliances,   and    Processes 
employed  in  Cabinet  Work.     With  upwards  of  100  Illustrations       .         .     "I/O 
"  Mr.  Hasluck's  thorough-going  little  Handybook  is  amongst  the  most  practical  guides  we 
have  seen  for  beginners  in  cabinet-work." — Saturday  Re-view. 

THE     WOODWORKER'S     HANDYBOOK    OF    MANUAL 

INSTRUCTION. 

Embracing  Information  on   the  Tools,   Materials,  Appliances  and  Processes 

Employed  in  Woodworking.     With  104  Illustrations 1  /O 

OPINIONS  OF  THE  PRESS. 

"  Written  by  a  man  who  knows,  not  only  how  work  ought  to  be  done,  but  how  to  do  it,  and 
how  to  convey  his  knowledge  to  others.  ' — Engineering. 

"Mr.  Hasluck  writes  admirably,  and  gives  complete  instructions." — Engineer. 
"  Mr.  Hasluck  combines  the  experience  of  a  practical  teacher  with  the  manipulative  skill  and 
scientific  knowledge  of  processes  of  the  trained  mechanician,  and  the  manuals  are  marvels  of  what 
can  be  produced  at  a  popular  price." — Schoolmaster. 

"  Helpful  to  workmen  of  all  ages  and  degrees  of  experience." — Daily  Chronicle. 
"Practical,  sensible,  and  remarkably  cheap." — Journal  of  Education. 
"Concise,  clear,  and  practical."— Saturday  Review. 


COMMERCE,  COUNTING-HOUSE  WORK,  TABLES,  &c.  41 

COMMERCE,     COUNTING-HOUSE     WORK, 
TABLES,   &c. 


LESSONS   IN   COMMERCE. 

By  Professor  R.  GAMBARO,  of  the  Royal  High  Commercial  School  at  Genoa. 

Edited  and  Revised  by  JAMES  GAULT,  Professor  of  Commerce  and  Commercial 

Law  in  King's  College,  London.    Fourth  Edition.    Crown  8vo,  cloth     .    3/6 

"  The  publishers  of  this  work  have  rendered  considerable  service  to  the  cause  of  commercial 

education  by  the  opportune  production  of  this  volume.  .  .  .  The  work  is  peculiarly  acceptable  to 

English  readers  and  an  admirable  addition  to  existing  class  books.     In  a  phrase,  we  think  the  work 

attains  its  object  in  furnishing  a  brief  account  of  those  laws  and  customs  of  British  trade  with  which 

the  commercial  man  interested  therein  should  be  familiar." — Chamber  of  Commerce  Journal. 

"  An  invaluable  guide  in  the  hands  of  those  who  are  preparing  for  a  commercial  career,  and 
in  fact,  the  information  it  contains  on  matters  of  business  should  be  impressed  on  every  one."— 
Counting  Heuse. 

THE   FOREIGN  COMMERCIAL  CORRESPONDENT. 

Being  Aids  to  Commercial  Correspondence  in  Five  Languages — English, 
French,  German,  Italian,  and  Spanish.  By  CONRAD  E.  BAKER.  Third 
Edition,  Carefully  Revised  Throughout.  Crown  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.     4/6 

"  Whoever  wishes  to  correspond  in  all  the  languages  mentioned  by_  Mr.  Baker  cannot  do 
better  than  study  this  work,  the  materials  of  which  are  excellent  and  conveniently  arranged.  They 
consist  not  of  entire  specimen  letters,  but — what  are  far  more  useful — short  passages,  sentences,  or 
phrases  expressing  the  same  general  idea  in  various  forms." — Athenaum, 

"  A  careful  examination  has  convinced  us  that  it  is  unusually  complete,  well  arranged  and 
reliable.  The  book  is  a  thoroughly  good  one."— Schoolmaster. 

FACTORY  ACCOUNTS:  their  PRINCIPLES  &  PRACTICE. 

A  Handbook  for  Accountants  and  Manufacturers,  with  Appendices  on  the 
Nomenclature  of  Machine  Details ;  the  Income  Tax  Acts ;  the  Rating  of 
Factories  ;  Fire  and  Boiler  Insurance  ;  the  Factory  and  Workshop  Acts,  &c., 
including  also  a  Glossary  of  Terms  and  a  large  number  of  Specimen  Rulings. 
By  EMILE  GARCKE  and  J.  M.  FELLS.  Fourth  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged. 

Demy  8vo,  250  pp.,  strongly  bound 6/O 

"  A  very  interesting  description  of  the  requirements  of  Factory  Accounts.  .  .  .  The  principle 

of  assimilating  the  Factory  Accounts  to  the  general  commercial  books  is  one  which  we  thoroughly 

agree  with." — Accountants'  Journal. 

"  Characterised  by  extreme  thoroughness.    There  are  few  owners  of  factories  who  would  not 

derive  great  benefit  from  the  perusal  of  this  most  admirable  work." — Local  Government  Chronicle. 

MODERN  METROLOGY. 

A  Manual  of  the  Metrical  Units  and  Systems  of  the  present  Century.  With 
an  Appendix  containing  a  proposed  English  System.  By  Lowis  D.  A. 
JACKSON,  A.  M.  Inst.  C.  E.,  Author  of  "  Aid  to  Survey  Practice,"  &c.  Large 

crown  8vo,  cloth 1 2/6 

"We  recommend  the  work  to  all  interested  in  the  practical  reform  of  our  weights  and 
" — Nature. 


A  SERIES  OF  METRIC  TABLES. 

In  which  the  British  Standard  Measures  and  Weights  are  compared  with  those 
of  the  Metric  System  at  present  in  Use  on  the  Continent.  By  C.  H.  DOWLING, 
C.E.  8 vo,  strongly  bound 1O/6 

"Mr.  Dowling's  Tables  are  well  put  together  as  a  ready  reckoner  for  the  conversion  of  one 
system  into  the  other." — Athenceum. 

THE   IRON  AND  METAL  TRADES'   COMPANION. 

For  Expeditiously  Ascertaining  the  Value  of  any  Goods  bought  or  sold  by 
Weight,  from  is.  per  cwt.  to  1125.  per  cwt.,  and  from  one  farthing  per  pound  to 
one  shilling  per  pound.  By  THOMAS  DOWNIE.  396  pp.,  leather  .  .  9/O 

"A  most  useful  set  of  tables,  nothing  like  them  before  existed."— Building  News. 

"  Although  specially  adapted  to  the  iron  and  metal  trades,  the  tables  will  be  found  useful  in 
every  other  business  in  which  merchandise  is  bought  and  sold  by  weight."— Railway  News. 


42          CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD   «*  SON'S   CATALOGUE. 


NUMBER,  WEIGHT,  AND  FRACTIONAL  CALCULATOR. 

Containing  upwards  of  250,000  Separate  Calculations,  showing  at  a  Glance  the 

Value  at  422  Different  Rates,  ranging  from  rarth  of  a  Penny  to  205.  each,  or  per 

cwt.,  and  ^20  per  ton,  of  any  number  of  articles  consecutively,  from  i  to  470. 

Any  number  of  cwts.,  qrs.,  and  Ibs.,  from  i  cwt.  to  470  cwts.     Any  number  of 

tons,  cwts.,  qrs.,  and  Ibs.,  from  i  to  1,000  tons.     By  WILLIAM  CHADWICK, 

Public  Accountant.     Third  Edition,  Revised.     8vo,  strongly  bound    .     1 8/O 

"It  is  as  easy  of  reference  for  any  answer  or  any  number  of  answers  as  a  dictionary.    For 

making  up  accounts  or  estimates  the  book  must  prove  invaluable  to  all  who  have  any  considerable 

quantity  of  calculations  involving  price  and  measure  in  any  combination  to  do." — Engineer. 

"The  most  perfect  work  of  the  kind  yet  prepared."— Glasgow  Herald. 

THE  WEIGHT  CALCULATOR. 

Being  a  Series  of  Tables  upon  a  New  and  Comprehensive  Plan,  exhibiting  at 
one  Reference  the  exact  Value  of  any  Weight  from  i  Ib.  to  15  tons,  at  300 
Progressive  Rates,  from  id.  to  i68s.  per  cwt.,  and  containing  186,000  Direct 
Answers,  which,  with  their  Combinations,  consisting  of  a  single  addition 
(mostly  to  be  performed  at  sight),  will  afford  an  aggregate  of  10,266,000 
Answers ;  the  whole  being  calculated  and  designed  to  ensure  correctness  and 
promote  despatch.  By  HENRY  HARBEN,  Accountant.  Fifth  Edition,  carefully 
Corrected.  Royal  8vo,  strongly  half-bound £"|  5s. 

"  A  practical  and  useful  work  of  reference  for  men  of  business  generally." — Ironmonger. 

"  Of  priceless  value  to  business  men.  It  is  a  necessary  book  in  all  mercantile  offices."— 
Sheffield  Independent. 

THE   DISCOUNT  GUIDE. 

Comprising  several  Series  of  Tables  for  the  Use  of  Merchants,  Manufacturers, 
Ironmongers,  and  Others,  by  which  may  be  ascertained  the  Exact  Profit  arising 
from  any  mode  of  using  Discounts,  either  in  the  Purchase  or  Sale  of  Goods,  and 
the  method  of  either  Altering  a  Rate  of  Discount,  or  Advancing  a  Price,  so  as 
to  produce,  by  one  operation,  a  sum  that  will  realise  any  required  Profit  after 
allowing  one  or  more  Discounts  :  to  which  are  added  Tables  of  Profit  or 
Advance  from  ij  to  90  per  cent.,  Tables  of  Discount  from  ij  to  98!  per  cent., 
and  Tables  of  Commission,  &c.,  from  J  to  10  per  cent.  By  HENRY  HARBEN, 
Accountant.  New  Edition,  Corrected.  Demy  8vo,  half-bound  .  £1  5s. 
"  A  book  such  as  this  can  only  be  appreciated  by  business  men,  to  whom  the  saving  of  time 

means  saving  of  money.    The  work  must  prove  of  great  value  to  merchants,  manufacturers,  and 

general  traders.  "—British  Trade  Journal. 

TABLES  OF  WAGES. 

At  54,  52,  50  and  48  Hours  per  Week.  Showing  the  Amounts  of  Wages  from 
One  quarter  of  an  hour  to  Sixty-four  hours,  in  each  case  at  Rates  of  Wages 
advancing  by  One  Shilling  from  45.  to  555.  per  week.  By  THOS.  GARBUTT, 
Accountant.  Square  crown  8vo,  half-bound  .....  6/O 

IRON»PLATE  WEIGHT  TABLES. 

For  Iron  Shipbuilders,  Engineers,  and  Iron  Merchants.  Containing  the 
Calculated  Weights  of  upwards  of  150,000  different  sizes  of  Iron  Plates  from 
i  foot  by  6  in.  by  J  in.  to  10  feet  by  5  feet  by  i  in.  Worked  out  on  the  Basis  of 
40  Ibs.  to  the  square  foot  of  Iron  of  i  inch  in  thickness.  By  H.  BURI.INSON 
and  W.  H.  SIMPSON.  410,  half-bound £1  5s. 

MATHEMATICAL  TABLES   (ACTUARIAL). 

Comprising  Commutation  and  Conversion  Tables,  Logarithms,  Cologarithms, 
Antilogarithms  and  Reciprocals.  By  J.  W.  GORDON.  Royal  8vo,  mounted 
on  canvas,  in  cloth  case.  [Just  Published.  5IO 


AGRICULTURE,   FARMING,   GARDENING,   &-c.         43 

AGRICULTURE,     FARMING, 
GARDENING,  &c. 

THE    COMPLETE    GRAZIER    AND     FARMER'S    AND 

CATTLE  BREEDER'S  ASSISTANT. 

A  Compendium  of  Husbandry.  Originally  Written  by  WILLIAM  YOUATT. 
Fourteenth  Edition,  entirely  Re-written,  considerably  Enlarged,  and  brought 
up  to  Present  Requirements,  by  WILLIAM  FREAM,  LL.D.,  Assistant  Com- 
missioner, Royal  Commission  on  Agriculture,  1893,  Author  of  "  The  Elements 
of  Agriculture,"  &c.  Royal  8vo,  1,100  pp.,  with  over  450  Illustrations, 
handsomely  bound.  I  Just  Published.  £1  11S.  60. 

SUMMARY  OF  CONTENTS. 

BOOK  I.   ON  THE  VARIETIES,  BREEDING,     i     BOOK  vil.    ON  THE  BREEDING,  REARING, 
REARING,    FATTENING   AND    MANAGE-  AND  MANAGEMENT  OF  POULTRY. 


MENT  OF  CATTLE. 

BOOK  II.    ON  THE  ECONOMY  AND  MAN- 
AGEMENT OF  THE  DAIRY. 

BOOK  in.    ON  THE  BREEDING,  REARING, 


BOOK  VIII.  ON  FARM  OFFICES  AND 
IMPLEMENTS  OF  HUSBANDRY. 

BOOK  IX.  ON  THE  CULTURE  AND  MAN- 
AGEMENT OF  GRASS  LANDS. 


AND  MANAGEMENT  OF  HORSES.  BOOK  x.     ON    THE    CULTIVATION    AND 

BOOK  IV.    ON  THE  BREEDING,  REARING,     |       APPLICATION  OF  GRASSES,  PULSE  AND 


AND  FATTENING  OF  SHEEP. 
BOOK  V.  ON  THE  BREEDING,  REARING, 

AND  FATTENING  OF  SWINE. 
BOOK  VI.  ON  THE  DISEASES  OF  LIVE 

STOCK. 


ROOTS. 
BOOK  XI.  ON  MANURES  AND  THEIR 

APPLICATION    TO    GRASS    LAND   AND 

CROPS. 
BOOK  xil.  MONTHLY  CALENDARS  OF 


FARMWORK. 
***    OPINIONS  OF  THE  PRESS  ON  THE  NEW  EDITION. 

"  Dr.  Fream  is  to  be  congratulated  on  the  successful  attempt  he  has  made  to  give  us  a  work 
which  will  at  once  become  the  standard  classic  of  the  farm  practice  of  the  country.  We  believe 
that  it  will  be  found  that  it  has  no  compeer  among  the  many  works  at  present  in  existence.  .  .  . 
The  illustrations  are  admirable,  while  the  frontispiece,  which  represents  the  well-known  bull, 
New  Year's  Gift,  owned  by  the  Queen,  is  a  work  of  art"—  The  Times. 

"The  book  must  be  recognised  as  occupying  the  proud  position  of  the  most  exhaustive  work 
of  reference  in  the  English  language  on  the  subject  with  which  it  deals." — Athenaum. 

"  The  most  comprehensive  guide  to  modern  farm  practice  that  exists  in  the  English  language 
to-day.  .  .  .  The  book  is  one  that  ought  to  be  on  every  farm  and  in  the  library  of  every  land 
owner. " — Mark  Lane  Express. 

"  In  point  of  exhaustiveness  and  accuracy  the  work  will  certainly  hold  a  pre-eminent  and 
unique  position  among  books  dealing  with  scientific  agricultural  practice.  It  is,  in  fact,  an  agricul- 
tural library  of  itself.  "—North.  British  Agriculturist. 

"  A  compendium  of  authoritative  and  well-ordered  knowledge  on  every  conceivable  branch  of 
the  work  of  the  live  stock  farmer;  probably  without  an  equal  in  this  or  any  other  country."— 
Yorkshire  Post. 

FARM  LIVE  STOCK  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

BY  ROBERT  WALLACE,  F.L.S.,  F.R.S.E.,  &c.,  Professor  of  Agriculture  and 

Rural  Economy  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh.     Third  Edition,  thoroughly 

Revised   and   considerably   Enlarged.      With   over   120  Phototypes  of  Prize 

Stock.     Demy  8vo,  384  pp.,  with  79  Plates  and  Maps,  cloth.         .         .     12/6 

"A  really  complete  work  on  the  history,  breeds,  and  management  of  the  farm  stock  of  Great 

Britain,  and  one  which  is  likely  to  find  its  way  to  the  shelves  of  every  country  gentleman's  library." 

—  The  Times. 

"  The  latest  edition  of  '  Farm  Live  Stock  of  Great  Britain '  is  a  production  to  be  proud  of,  and 
its  issue  not  the  least  of  the  services  which  its  author  has  rendered  to  agricultural  science." — 
Scottish  Farmer. 

"The  book  is  very  attractive,  .  .  .  and  we  can  scarcely  imagine  the  existence  of  a 
farmer  who  would  not  like  to  have  a  copy  of  this  beautiful  and  useful  work."— Mark  Lane  Express. 

NOTE-BOOK  OF  AGRICULTURAL  FACTS  &  FIGURES 

FOR  FARMERS  AND  FARM  STUDENTS. 

By  PRIMROSE  McCoNNELL,  B.Sc.,  Fellow  of  the  Highland  and  Agricultural 

Society,  Author  of  "  Elements  of  Farming."  Sixth  Edition,  Re-written,  Revised, 

and  greatly  Enlarged.      Fcap.  8vo,  480  pp.,  leather.      [Just  Published.     Q/Q 

SUMMARY    OF    CONTENTS  :       SURVEYING     AND     LEVELLING.  —  WEIGHTS     AND 

MEASURES.  —  MACHINERY   AND    BUILDINGS.  —  LABOUR.  —  OPERATIONS.  —  DRAINING.  — 

EMBANKING.—  GEOLOGICAL   MEMORANDA.—  SOILS.—  MANURES.—  CROPPING.—  CROPS.— 

ROTATIONS.  —  WEEDS.—  FEEDING.  —  DAIRYING.—  LIVE  STOCK.  —  HORSES.  —  CATTLE.  — 

SHEEP.— PIGS.— POULTRY.— FORESTRY.— HORTICULTURE.— MISCELLANEOUS. 

"  No  farmer,  and  certainly  no  agricultural  student,  ought  to  be  without  this  multum-in-pano 
manual  of  all  subjects  connected  with  the  farm." — North  British  Agriculturist. 

"  This  little  pocket-book  contains  a  large  amount  of  useful  information  upon  all  kinds  of  agri- 
cultural subjects.  Something  of  the  kind  has  long  been  wanted." — Mark  Lane  Express. 

"The  amount  of  information  it  contains  is  most  surprising ;  the  arrangement  of  the  matter  is 
so  methodical — although  so  compressed — as  to  be  intelligible  to  everyone  who  takes  a  glance  through 
its  pages.  They  teem  with  information."— Farm  and  Home. 


44          CROSBY  LOCKWOOD  «•  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 
BRITISH  DAIRYING. 

A  Handy  Volume  on  the  Work  of  the  Dairy- Farm.  For  the  Use  of  Technical 
Instruction  Classes,  Students  in  Agricultural  Colleges  and  the  Working  Dairy- 
Farmer.  By  Prof.  J.  P.  SHELDON.  With  Illustrations.  Second  Edition, 
Revised.  Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [Just Published.  2/6 

"Confidently  recommended  as  a  useful  text-book  on  dairy  farming." — Agricultural  Gazette. 

"Probably  the  best  half-crown  manual  on  dairy  work  that  has  yet  been  produced."— North 
British  Agriculturist. 

"  It  is  the  soundest  little  work  we  have  yet  seen  on  the  subject." — The  Times. 

MILK,  CHEESE,  AND  BUTTER. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  their  Properties  and  the  Processes  of  their  Produc- 
tion. Including  a  Chapter  on  Cream  and  the  Methods  of  its  Separation  from 
Milk.  By  JOHN  OLIVER,  late  Principal  of  the  Western  Dairy  Institute, 
Berkeley.  With  Coloured  Plates  and  200  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth. 

7/6 

"  An  exhaustive  and  masterly  production.  It  may  be  cordially  recommended  to  all  students 
and  practitioners  of  dairy  science.'  —North  British  Agriculturist. 

"  We  recommend  this  very  comprehensive  and  carefully-written  book  19  dairy-farmers  and 
students  of  dairying.  It  is  a  distinct  acquisition  to  the  library  of  the  agriculturist.  — Agricultural 
Gazette. 

SYSTEMATIC  SMALL  FARMING. 

Or,  The  Lessons  of  My  Farm.  Being  an  Introduction  to  Modern  Farm 
Practice  for  Small  Farmers.  By  R.  SCOTT  BURN,  Author  of  "  Outlines  of 

Modern  Farming,"  &c.    Crown  8vo,  cloth 6/O 

"  This  is  the  completest  book  of  its  class  we  have  seen,  and  one  which  every  amateur  farmer 
will  read  with  pleasure,  and  accept  as  a  guide." — Field. 

OUTLINES  OF  MODERN  FARMING. 

By  R.  SCOTT  BURN.  Soils,  Manures,  and  Crops — Farming  and  Farming 
Economy — Cattle,  Sheep,  and  Horses — Management  of  Dairy,  Pigs,  and 
Poultry — Utilisation  of  Town-Sewage,  Irrigation,  &c.  Sixth  Edition.  In  One 
Vol.,  1,250  pp.,  half-bound,  profusely  Illustrated  .  .  .  .  .1  2/O 

FARM  ENGINEERING,  The  COMPLETE  TEXT-BOOK  of. 

Comprising  Draining  and  Embanking  ;  Irrigation  and  Water  Supply  ;  Farm 
Roads,  Fences  and  Gates  ;  Farm  Buildings  ;  Barn  Implements  and  Machines ; 
Field  Implements  and  Machines  ;  Agricultural  Surveying,  &c.  By  Professor 
JOHN  SCOTT.  In  One  Vol.,  1,150  pp.,  half-bound,  with  over  600  Illustrations. 

12/O 

"Written  with  great  care,  as  well  as  with  knowledge  and  ability.  The  author  has  done  his 
work  well ;  we  have  found  him  a  very  trustworthy  guide  wherever  we  have  tested  his  statements. 
The  volume  will  be  of  great  value  to  agricultural  students." — Mark  Lane  Express. 

THE  FIELDS  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

A  Text-Book  of  Agriculture.  Adapted  to  the  Syllabus  of  the  Science  and 
Art  Department.  For  Elementary  and  Advanced  Students.  By  HUGH 
CLEMENTS  (Board  of  Trade).  Second  Edition,  Revised,  with  Additions. 
i8mo,  cloth 2/6 

"  It  is  a  long  time  since  we  have  seen  a  book  which  has  pleased  us  more,  or  which  contains 
such  a  vast  and  useful  fund  of  knowledge." — Educational  Times. 

TABLES  and  MEMORANDA  for  FARMERS,  GRAZIERS, 

AGRICULTURAL  STUDENTS,  SURVEYORS,  LAND  AGENTS, 
AUCTIONEERS,  &c. 

With  a  New  System^of  Farm  Book-keeping.     By   SIDNEY   FRANCIS.     Fifth 

Edition.     272  pp.,  waistcoat-pocket  size,  limp  leather       .         .         .         -1/6 

"Weighing  less  than  i  oz.,  and  occupying  no  more  space  than  a  match-box,  it  contains  amass 

of  facts  and  calculations  which  has  never  before,  in  such  handy  form,  been  obtainable.    Every 

operation  on  the  farm  is  dealt  with.    The  work  may  be  taken  as  thoroughly  accurate,  the  whole  of 

the  tables  having  been  revised  by  Dr.   Fream.    We  cordially  recommend  \t."—BelCs   Weekly 

Messenger. 

THE      ROTHAMSTED     EXPERIMENTS     AND     THEIR 

PRACTICAL  LESSONS  FOR  FARMERS. 

Part  I.  STOCK.     Part  II.  CROPS.     By  C.  J.  R.  TIPPER.     Crown  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.    3/6 

"  We  have  no  doubt  that  the  book  will  be  welcomed  by  a  large  class  of  farmers  and  others 
interested  in  agriculture." — Standard. 


AGRICULTURE,   FARMING,   GARDENING,   &c.         45 
FERTILISERS    AND    FEEDING    STUFFS. 

A  Handbook  for  the  Practical  Farmer.     By  BERNARD  DYER,  D.Sc.  (Lond.). 

With  the  Text  of  the  Fertilisers  and  Feeding  Stuffs  Act  of  1893,  &c-     Third 

Edition,  Revised.     Crown  8vo,  cloth.  [  Just  Published.     1  /Q 

"This  little  book  is  precisely  what  it  professes  to  be— 'A   Handbook  for  the  Practical 

Farmer.'    Dr.   Dyer  has  done  fanners  good  service  in  placing  at  their  disposal  so  much  useful 

information  in  so  intelligible  a  form." — The  Times. 

BEES   FOR  PLEASURE  AND  PROFIT. 

A  Guide  to  the  Manipulation  of  Bees,  the  Production  of  Honey,  and  the 
General  Management  of  the  Apiary.  By  G.  GORDON  SAMSON.  With 
numerous  Illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  wrapper 1  /O 

BOOK-KEEPING  for  FARMERS  and  ESTATE  OWNERS. 

A  Practical  Treatise,  presenting,  in  Three  Plans,  a  System  adapted  for  all 
Classes  of  Farms.  By  JOHNSON  M.  WOODMAN,  Chartered  Accountant. 

Second  Edition,  Revised.   Crown  8vo,  cloth 2/6 

"The  volume  is  a  capital  study  of  a  most  important  subject." — Agricultural  Gazette. 

WOODMAN'S  YEARLY  FARM  ACCOUNT  BOOK. 

Giving  Weekly  Labour  Account  and  Diary,  and  showing  the  Income  and 
Expenditure  under  each  Department  of  Crops,  Live  Stock,  Dairy,  &c.,  &c. 
With  Valuation,  Profit  and  Loss  Account,  and  Balance  Sheet  at  the  End  of  the 
Year.  By  JOHNSON  M.  WOODMAN,  Chartered  Accountant.  Second  Edition. 

Folio,  half-bound Net  7/6 

"Contains  every  requisite   form   for   keeping   farm   accounts   readily  and   accurately."— 
Agriculture. 

THE   FORCING   GARDEN. 

Or,  How  to  Grow  Early  Fruits,  Flowers  and  Vegetables.  With  Plans  and 
Estimates  for  Building  Glasshouses,  Pits  and  Frames.  With  Illustrations. 

By  SAMUEL  WOOD.     Crown  8vo,  cloth 3/6 

"  A  good  book,  containing  a  great  deal  of  valuable  teaching." — Gardeners'  Magazine. 

A  PLAIN  GUIDE  TO  GOOD  GARDENING. 

Or,  How  to  Grow  Vegetables,  Fruits,  and  Flowers.  By  S.  WOOD.  Fourth 
Edition,  with  considerable  Additions,  and  numerous  Illustrations.  Crown 

8vo,  cloth 3/6 

"A  very  good  book,  and  one  to  be  highly  recommended  as  a  practical  guide.    The  practical 
directions  are  excellent." — Athenaum. 

MULTUM-IN-PARVO  GARDENING. 

Or,  How  to  Make  One  Acre  of  Land  produce  £620  a  year,  by  the  Cultivation 
of  Fruits  and  Vegetables  ;  also,  How  to  Grow  Flowers  in  Three  Glass  Houses, 
so  as  to  realise  £176  per  annum  clear  Profit.     By  SAMUEL  WOOD,  Author  of 
"Good  Gardening, "&c.     Sixth  Edition,  Crown  8vo,  sewed     .        .        .     "I/O 
"  We  are  bound  to  recommend  it  as  not  only  suited  to  the  case  of  the  amateur  and  gentle- 
man's gardener,  but  to  the  market  grower."— Gardeners'  Magazine. 

THE  LADIES'  MULTUM-IN-PARVO  FLOWER  GARDEN. 

And  Amateur's  Complete  Guide.  By  S.  WOOD.  Crown  8vo,  cloth  .  3/6 
"  Full  of  shrewd  hints  and  useful  instructions,  based  on  a  lifetime  of  experience." — Scotsman. 

POTATOES:  HOW  TO  GROW  AND  SHOW  THEM. 

A  Practical  Guide  to  the  Cultivation  and  General  Treatment  of  the  Potato. 
By  J.  PINK.  Crown  8vo 2/O 

MARKET  AND  KITCHEN  GARDENING. 

By  C.  W.  SHAW,  late  Editor  of  Gardening  Illustrated.  Cloth  .  .  3/6 
"  The  most  valuable  compendium  of  kitchen  and  market-garden  work  published."— Partner. 


46          CROSBY  LOCK  WOOD  &  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 

AUCTIONEERING,    VALUING,    LAND 
SURVEYING,  ESTATE  AGENCY,  &c. 


INWOOD'S  TABLES  FOR  PURCHASING  ESTATES 

AND  FOR  THE  VALUATION  OP  PROPERTIES, 

Including  Advowsons,  Assurance  Policies,  Copyholds,  Deferred  Annuities, 
Freeholds,  Ground  Rents,  Immediate  Annuities,  Leaseholds,  Life  Interests, 
Mortgages,  Perpetuities,  Renewals  of  Leases,  Reversions,  Sinking  Funds, 
&c.,  &c.  z6th  Edition,  Revised  and  Extended  by  WILLIAM  SCHOOLING, 
F.R.A.S.,  with  Logarithms  of  Natural  Numbers  and  THOMAN'S  Logarithmic 
Interest  and  Annuity  Tables.  360  pp.,  Demy  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.    Net  8/O 

"  Those  interested  in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  estates,  and  in  the  adjustment  of  compensation 
cases,  as  well  as  in  transactions  in  annuities,  life  insurances,  &c.,  will  find  the  present  edition  of 
eminent  service." — Engineering. 

"This  valuable  book  has  been  considerably  enlarged  and  improved  by  the  labours  of 
Mr.  Schooling,  and  is  now  very  complete  indeed." — Economist. 

"  Altogether  this  edition  will  prove  of  extreme  value  to  many  classes  of  professional  men  in 
saving  them  many  long  and  tedious  calculations.'" — Investors'  Review. 

THE  APPRAISER,  AUCTIONEER,  BROKER,  HOUSE 

AND  ESTATE  AGENT  AND  VALUER'S  POCKET  ASSISTANT. 

For  the  Valuation  for  Purchase,  Sale,  or  Renewal  of  Leases,  Annuities,  and 

Reversions,  and  of  Property  generally  ;  with  Prices  for  Inventories,  &c.     By 

JOHN  WHEELER,  Valuer,  &c.     Sixth  Edition,  Re-written  and  greatly  Extended 

by  C.  NORRIS,  Surveyor,  Valuer,  &c.     Royal  32010,  cloth        .        .        .     5/O 

"A  neat  and  concise  book  of  reference,  containing  an  admirable  and  clearly-arranged  list  of 

prices  for  inventories,  and  a  very  practical  guide  to  determine  the  value  of  furniture,  &c. " — Standard. 

"  Contains  a  large  quantity  of  varied  and  useful  information  as  to  the  valuation  for  purchase, 

sale,  or  renewal  of  leases,  annuities  and  reversions,  and  of  property  generally,  with  prices  for 

Inventories,  and  a  guide  to  determine  the  value  of  interior  fittings  and  other  effects."— Builder. 

AUCTIONEERS:  THEIR  DUTIES  AND  LIABILITIES. 

A  Manual  of  Instruction  and  Counsel  for  the  Young  Auctioneer.  By  ROBERT 
SQUIBBS,  Auctioneer.  Second  Edition,  Revised  and  partly  Re-written.  Demy 

8vo,  cloth 1  2/6 

"  The  standard  text-book  on  the  topics  of  which  it  treats." — Athenautn. 
"The  work  is  one  of  general  excellent  character,  and  gives  much  information  in  a  com- 
pendious and  satisfactory  form." — Builder. 

"May  be  recommended  as  giving  a  great  deal  of  information  on  the  law  relating  to 
auctioneers,  in  a  very  readable  form." — La-w  Journal. 

"  Auctioneers  may  be  congratulated  on  having  so  pleasing  a  writer  to  minister  to  their  special 
needs." — Solicitors'  Journal. 

THE  AGRICULTURAL  VALUER'S  ASSISTANT. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  the  Valuation  of  Landed  Estates ;  including 
Example  of  a  Detailed  Report  on  Management  and  Realisation ;  Forms  of 
Valuations  of  Tenant  Right ;  Lists  of  Local  Agricultural  Customs  ;  Scales  of 
Compensation  under  the  Agricultural  Holdings  Act,  and  a  Brief  Treatise  on 
Compensation  under  the  Lands  Clauses  Acts,  &c.  By  TOM  BRIGHT,  Agricul- 
tural Valuer.  Author  of  "The  Agricultural  Surveyor  and  Estate  Agent's 
Handbook."  Fourth  Edition,  with  Appendix  containing  a  Digest  of  the 
Agricultural  Holdings  Acts,  1883  and  1900.  Crown  8vo,  cloth. 

[Just  Published.    Net  6/O 

"  Full  of  tables  and  examples  in  connection  with  the  valuation  of  tenant-right,  estates,  labour, 
contents  and  weights  of  timber,  and  farm  produce  of  all  kinds." — Agricultural  Gazette. 

"  An  eminently  practical  handbook,  full  of  practical  tables  and  data  of  undoubted  interest  and 
value  to  surveyors  and  auctioneers  in  preparing  valuations  of  all  kinds." — Farmer. 

POLE  PLANTATIONS  AND  UNDERWOODS. 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  Estimating  the  Cost  of  Forming,  Renovating, 
Improving,  and  Grubbing  Plantations  and  Underwoods,  their  Valuation  for 
Purposes  of  Transfer,  Rental,  Sale  or  Assessment.  By  TOM  BRIGHT.  Crown 
8vo,  cloth 3/6 

"To  valuers,  foresters  and  agents  it  will  be  a  welcome  aid." — North  British  Agriculturist. 

"  Well  calculated  to  assist  the  valuer  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  and  of  undoubted  interest 
and  use  both  to  surveyors  and  auctioneers  in  preparing  valuations  of  all  kinds  "—Kent  Herald. 


AUCTIONEERING,  VALUING,  LAND  SURVEYING,  6*.    47 


AGRICULTURAL  SURVEYOR  AND  ESTATE  AGENT'S 

HANDBOOK. 

Of  Practical  Rules,  Formulae,  Tables,  and  Data.  A  Comprehensive  Manual 
for  the  Use  of  Surveyors,  Agents,  Landowners,  and  others  interested  in  the 
Equipment,  the  Management,  or  the  Valuation  of  Landed  Estates.  By 
TOM  BRIGHT,  Agricultural  Surveyor  and  Valuer,  Author  of  "The  Agri- 
cultural Valuer's  Assistant,"  &c.  With  Illustrations.  Fcap.  8vo,  Leather. 

[Just  Published.     Net  7/6 

"  An  exceedingly  useful  book,  the  contents  of  which  are  admirably  chosen.  The  classes  for 
whom  the  work  is  intended  will  find  it  convenient  to  have  this  comprehensive  handbook  accessible 
for  reference."— Live  Stock  Journal. 

"  It  is  a  singularly  compact  and  well  informed  compendium  of  the  facts  and  figures  likely  to 
be  required  in  estate  work,  and  is  certain  to  prove  of  much  service  to  those  to  whom  it  is 
addressed." — Scotsman. 

THE  LAND  VALUER'S  BEST  ASSISTANT. 

Being  Tables  on  a  very  much  Improved  Plan,  for  Calculating  the  Value  of 
Estates.  With  Tables  for  reducing  Scotch,  Irish,  and  Provincial  Customary 
Acres  to  Statute  Measure,  &c.  By  R.  HUDSON,  C.E.  New  Edition. 
Royal  32mo,  leather,  elastic  band 4/O 

"  Of  incalculable  value  to  the  country  gentleman  and  professional  man." — Farmers'  Journal. 

THE  LAND  IMPROVER'S  POCKET-BOOK. 

Comprising  Formulae,  Tables,  and  Memoranda  required  in  any  Computation 
relating  to  the  Permanent  Improvement  of  Landed  Property.  By  JOHN  EWART, 
Surveyor.     Second  Edition,  Revised.     Royal  32mo,  oblong,  leather        .     4/Q 
"  A  compendious  and  handy  little  volume." — Spectator. 

THE    LAND    VALUER'S    COMPLETE    POCKET-BOOK. 

Being  the  above  Two  Works  bound  together.      Leather  ....     7/Q 

HANDBOOK  OF  HOUSE  PROPERTY. 

A  Popular  and  Practical  Guide  to  the  Purchase,  Mortgage,  Tenancy,  and 
Compulsory  Sale  of  Houses  and  Land,  including  Dilapidations  and  Fixtures  : 
with  Examples  of  all  kinds  of  Valuations,  Information  on  Building  and  on  the 
right  use  of  Decorative  Art.  By  E.  L.  TARBUCK,  Architect  and  Surveyor. 
Sixth  Edition.  i2mo,  cloth 5/Q 

"  The  advice  is  thoroughly  practical." — La-w  Journal. 

"  For  all  who  have  dealings  with  house  property,  this  is  an  indispensable  guide."— Decoration. 

"  Carefully  brought  up  to  date,  and  much  improved  by  the  addition  of  a  division  on  Fine 
Art.  A  well-written  and  thoughtful  work."— Land  Agents  Record. 


LAW  AND  MISCELLANEOUS. 


MODERN  JOURNALISM. 

A  Handbook  of  Instruction  and  Counsel  for  the  Young  Journalist.     By  JOHN 
B.  MACKIE,  Fellow  of  the  Institute  of  Journalists.    Crown  8vo,  cloth     .     2/O 
"  This  invaluable  guide  to  journalism  is  a  work  which  all  aspirants  to  a  journalistic  career  will 
read  with  advantage."— Journalist. 

HANDBOOK  FOR  SOLICITORS  AND  ENGINEERS 

Engaged  in  Promoting  Private  Acts  of  Parliament  and  Provisional  Orders  for 
the  Authorisation  of  Railways,  Tramways,  Gas  and  Water  Works,  &c. 
By  L.  LIVINGSTONE  MACASSEY,  of  the  Middle  Temple,  Barrister-at-Law. 
M.  Inst.  C.E.  8vo,  cloth £-j  58> 

PATENTS  for  INVENTIONS,  HOW  to  PROCURE  THEM. 

Compiled  for  the  Use  of  Inventors,  Patentees  and  others.  By  G.  G.  M. 
HARDINGHAM,  Assoc.  Mem.  Inst.  C.E.,  &c.  Demy  8vo,  cloth  .  -1/6 

CONCILIATION  &  ARBITRATION  in  LABOUR  DISPUTES. 

A  Historical  Sketch  and  Brief  Statement  of  the  Present  Position  of  the 
Question  at  Home  and  Abroad.  By  J.  S.  JEANS,  Author  of  "England's 
Supremacy,"  &c.  Crown  8vo,  200  pp.,  cloth 2/6 


48          CROSBY  LOCKWOOD  <^  SON'S  CATALOGUE. 


EVERY  MAN'S  OWN  LAWYER. 

A  Handy-Book  of  the  Principles  of  Law  and  Equity.  With  a  Concise 
Dictionary  of  Legal  Terms.  By  A  BARRISTER.  Thirty-ninth  Edition, 
carefully  Revised,  and  including  New  Acts  of  Parliament  of  1901.  Com- 
prising the  Youthful  Offenders  Act,  igoi ;  the  Larceny  Act,  igoi ;  the 
Intoxicating  Liquors  Act,  1901 ;  the  Factory  and  Workshop  Act,  1901,  and 
other  enactments  of  the  year.  Judicial  Decisions  during  the  year  have  also 
been  duly  noted.  Crown  8vo,  800  pp.,  strongly  bound  in  cloth. 

{Just  Published.     6/8 

***  This  Standard  Work  of  Reference  forms  A  COMPLETE  EPITOME  OF  THE 
LAWS  OF  ENGLAND,  comprising  (amongst  other  matter) ; 

THE  RIGHTS  AND  WRONGS  OF  INDIVIDUALS— LANDLORD  AND  TENANT— VENDORS 
AND  PURCHASERS— LEASES  AND  MORTGAGES— PRINCIPAL  AND  AGENT— PARTNERSHIP 
AND  COMPANIES— MASTERS,  SERVANTS  AND  WORKMEN— CONTRACTS  AND  AGREEMENTS 
—BORROWERS,  LENDERS  AND  SURETIES— SALE  AND  PURCHASE  OF  GOODS— CHEQUES, 
BILLS  AND  NOTES— BILLS  OF  SALE— BANKRUPTCY— RAILWAY  AND  SHIPPING  LAW- 
LIFE,  FIRE,  AND  MARINE  INSURANCE— ACCIDENT  AND  FIDELITY  INSURANCE— CRIMINAL 
LAW— PARLIAMENTARY  ELECTIONS— COUNTY  COUNCILS— DISTRICT  COUNCILS— PARISH 
COUNCILS— MUNICIPAL  CORPORATIONS— LIBEL  AND  SLANDER— PUBLIC  HEALTH  AND 
NUISANCES— COPYRIGHT,  PATENTS,  TRADE  MARKS— HUSBAND  AND  WIFE— DIVORCE- 
INFANCY— CUSTODY  OF  CHILDREN— TRUSTEES  AND  EXECUTORS— CLERGY,  CHURCH- 
WARDENS,  &c.— GAME  LAWS  AND  SPORTING— INNKEEPERS— HORSES  AND  DOGS— TAXES 
AND  DEATH  DUTIES— FORMS  OF  AGREEMENTS,  WILLS,  CODICILS,  NOTICES,  &c. 

PB^  The  object  of  this  -work  is  to  enable  those  -who  consult  it  to  help  themselves  to  the 
law ;  and  thereby  to  dispense,  as  far  as  possible,  -with  professional  assistance  and  advice.  There 
are  many  -wrongs  and  grievances  -which  persons  submit  to  from  time  to  time  through  not 
knowing  how  or  -where  to  apply  for  redress ;  and  many  persons  have  as  great  a  dread  of  a 
lawyer's  office  as  of  a  lion's  den.  With  this  book  at  hand  it  is  believed  that  many  a  SlX-AND- 
ElGHTPENCE  may  be  saved;  many  a  -wrong  redressed;  many  a  right  reclaimed;  many  a  lain 
suit  avoided  ;  and  many  an  evil  abated.  The  -work  has  established  itself  as  the  standard  legal 
adviser  of  all  classes,  and  has  also  made  a  reputation  for  itself  as  a  useful  book  of  reference  for 
lawyers  residing  at  a  distance  from  law  libraries,  -who  are  glad  to  have  at  hand  a  work 
embodying  recent  decisions  and  enactments. 

OPINIONS  OF  THE  PRESS. 
"  It  is  a  complete  code  of  English  Law  written  in  plain  language,  which  all  can  understand. 

.  .  .  Should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  business  man,  and  all  who  wish  to  abolish  lawyers  bills."— 
Weekly  Times. 

"  A  useful  and  concise  epitome  of  the  law,  compiled  with  considerable  care." — Law  Magazine. 

"A  complete  digest  of  the  most  useful  facts  which  constitute  English  law."— Globe. 

"This  excellent  handbook.  .  .  .  Admirably  done,  admirably  arranged,  and  admirably 
cheap." — Leeds  Mercury 

"A  concise,  cheap,  and  complete  epitome  of  the  English  law.  So  plainly  written  that  he  who 
runs  may  read,  and  he  who  reads  may  understand." — Figaro. 

"  A  dictionary  of  legal  facts  well  put  together.    The  book  is  a  very  useful  one." — Spectator. 

THE  PAWNBROKER'S,  FACTOR'S,  AND  MERCHANT'S 

GUIDE  TO  THE  LAW  OP  LOANS  AND  PLEDGES. 

With  the  Statutes  and  a  Digest  of  Cases.  By  H.  C.  FOLKARD,  Barrister-at- 
Law.  Cloth 3/6 

LABOUR  CONTRACTS. 

A  Popular  Handbook  on  the  Law  of  Contracts  for  Works  and  Services.  By 
DAVID  GIBBONS.  Fourth  Edition,  with  Appendix  of  Statutes  by  T.  F.  UTTLEY. 
Solicitor.  Fcap.  8vo,  cloth 3/6 

SUMMARY  OF  THE  FACTORY  AND  WORKSHOP  ACTS 

(1878-1891).  For  the  Use  of  Manufacturers  and  Managers.  By  EMILE 
GARCKE  and  J.  M.  FELLS.  (Reprinted  from  "  FACTORY  ACCOUNTS.") 
Crown  8vo,  sewed  ........  t  ,  60. 

BRADBURY,    AGNEW,    &   CO.   LD.,    PRINTERS,    LONDON   AND  TONBRIDGE. 


WEALE'S    SERIES 


OF 


SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL 

WORKS. 


"It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  no  books  have  ever  proved  more 
popular  with  or  more  useful  to  young  engineers  and  others  than  the 
excellent  treatises  comprised  in  WEALE'S  SERIES."— Engineer. 


$Utu  Classifbft  Eist. 


PAGE 

CIVIL  ENGINEERING  AND  SURVEYING  2 

MINING  AND  METALLURGY     ....  3 

MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING  ....  4 

NAVIGATION,   SHIPBUILDING.    ETC.      .  5 


MM 

ARCHITECTURE  AND  BUILDING    .     .       6 

INDUSTRIAL  AND  USEFUL  ARTS.  .  9 
AGRICULTURE,  GARDENING,  ETC.  .  IO 
MATHEMATICS,  ARITHMETIC,  ETC.  .  12 


BOOKS  OF  REFERENCE  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  VOLUMES     .     .      14 


itmcit 


CROSBY  LOCKWOOD  AND  SON, 

7,   STATIONERS'    HALL    COURT,   LONDON,    E.G. 

1901. 


2      WEALE'S  SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  SERIES. 

CIVIL   ENGINEERING  &  SURVEYING 
Civil  Engineering. 

By  HENRY  LAW,  M.Inst.C.E.  Including  a  Treatise  on  HYDRAULIC 
ENGINEERING  by  G.  R.  BURNELL,  M.I.C.E.  Seventh  Edition,  revised, 
with  LARGE  ADDITIONS  by  D.  K.  CLARK,  M.I.C.E.  .  .  .6/6 

Pioneer  Engineering: 

A  Treatise  on  the  Engineering  Operations  connected  with  the  Settlement  of 
Waste  Lands  in  New  Countries.  By  EDWARD  DOBSON,  M.INST.C.E. 
With  numerous  Plates.  Second  Edition 4/6 

Iron  Bridges  of  Moderate  Span: 

Their  Construction  and  Erection.  By  HAMILTON  W.  PENDRKD.  With  40 
Illustrations 2/0 

Iron  and   Steel  Bridges  and  Viaducts. 

A  Practical  Treatise  upon  their  Construction  for  the  use  of  Engineers, 
Draughtsmen,  and  Students.  By  FRANCIS  CAMPIN,  C.E.  With  numerous 
Illustrations 3/6 

Constructional  Iron  and  Steel  "Work, 

As  applied  to  Public,  Private,  and  Domestic  Buildings.  By  FRANCIS 
CAMPIN,  C.E.  .  3/6 

Tubular  and  other   Iron  Girder  Bridges. 

Describing  the  Britannia  and  Con  way  Tubular  Bridges.  By  G.  DRYSDALE 
DEMPSEY,  C.E.  Fourth  Edition 2/0 

Materials  and  Construction: 

A  Theoretical  and  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Strains,  Designing,  and  Erec- 
tion of  Works  of  Construction.  By  FRANCIS  CAMPIN,  C.E.  .  .  3/0 

Sanitary  Work  in  the  Smaller  Towns  and  in  Villages. 

By  CHARLES  SLAGG,  Assoc.  M.Inst.C.E.     Third  Edition         .        .     3/Q 

Roads  and  Streets    (The  Construction  of). 

In  Two  Parts:  I.  THE  ART  OF  CONSTRUCTING  COMMON  ROADS,  by  H. 
LAW,  C.E.,  Revised  by  D.  K.  CLARK,  C.E.  ;  II.  RECENT  PRACTICE:  In- 
cluding Pavements  of  Wood,  Asphalte,  &c.  By  D.  K.  CLARK,  C.E.  4/6 

Gas  Works   (The  Construction  of), 

And  the  Manufacture  and  Distribution  of  Coal  Gas.  By  S.  HUGHES,  C.E. 
Re-written  by  WILLIAM  RICHARDS,  C.E.  Eighth  Edition  .  .  5/6 

Water  Works 

For  the  Supply  of  Cities  and  Towns.  With  a  Description  of  the  Principal 
Geological  Formations  of  England  as  influencing  Supplies  of  Water.  By 
SAMUEL  HUGHES,  F.G.S.,  C.E.  Enlarged  Edition  ....  4/Q 

The  Power  of  Water, 

As  applied  to  drive  Flour  Mills,  and  to  give  motion  to  Turbines  and  other 
Hydrostatic  Engines.  By  JOSEPH  GLYNN,  F.R.S.  New  Edition  .  2/O 

Wells  and  Weil-Sinking. 

By  JOHN  GEO.  SWINDELL,  A.R.I. B. A.,  and  G.  R.  BURNELL,  C.E.  Revised 
Edition.  With  a  New  Appendix  on  the  Qualities  of  Water.  Illustrated  2/0 

The  Drainage  of  Lands,  Towns,  and  Buildings. 

By  G.  D.  DEMPSEY,  C.E.  Revised,  with  large  Additions  on  Recent 
Practice,  by  D.  K.  CLARK,  M.I.C.E.  Third  Edition  .  .  .  4/6 

The  Blasting  and  Quarrying  of  Stone, 

For  Building  and  other  Purposes.  With  Remarks  on  the  Blowing  up  of 
Bridges.  By  Gen.  Sir  J.  BURGOYNE,  K.C.B J  /Q 

Foundations  and  Concrete  Works. 

With  Practical  Remarks  on  Footing?,  Planking,  Sand,  Concrete,  B£ton, 
Pile-driving,  Caissons,  and  Cofferdams.  By  E.  DOBSON,  M.R.I.B.A. 
Eighth  Edition 1/6 


WEALE'S  SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  SERIES.       3 

Pneumatics, 

Including  Acoustics  and  the  Phenomena  of  Wind  Currents,  for  the  Use  of 
Beginners.  By  CHARLES  TOMLINSON,  F.R.S.  Fourth  Edition  .  1/0 

Land  and  Engineering  Surveying. 

For  Students  and  Practical  Use.  By  T.  BAKER,  C.E.  Eighteenth  Edition, 
Revised  and  Extended  by  F.  E.  DIXON,  A.M.  Inst.  C.E.,  Professional  Asso- 
ciate of  the  Institution  of  Surveyors.  With  numerous  Illustrations  and  two 
Lithographic  Plates [Just  published  2/O 

Mensuration  and   Measuring. 

For  Students  and  Practical  Use.  YVith  the  Mensuration  and  Levelling  of 
Land  for  the  purposes  of  Modern  Engineering.  By  T.  BAKER,  C.E.  New 
Edition  by  E.  NUGENT,  C.E.  ...• 1/6 


MINING   AND    METALLURGY. 
Mineralogy, 

Rudiments  of.  By  A.  RAMSAY,  F.G.S.  Fourth  Edition,  rerised  and 
enlarged.  Woodcuts  and  Plates 3/6 

Coal  and  Coal  Mining, 

A  Rudimentary  Treatise  on.  By  the  Inte  Sir  WARINGTON  W.  SMYTH, 
F.R.S.  Eighth  Edition,  revised  and  extended  by  T.  FORSTER  BROWN. 

\Justpublished     3/6 

Metallurgy  of  Iron. 

Containing  Methods  of  Assay,  Analyses  of  Iron  Ores,  Processes  of  Manu- 
facture of  Iron  and  Steel,  &c.  By  H.  BAUKRMAN,  F.G.S.  With  numerous 
Illustrations.  Sixth  Edition,  revised  and  enlarged  ....  5/O 

The  Mineral  Surveyor  and  Valuer's  Complete  Guide. 

By  W.  LIN  PERM.  Fourth  Edition,  with  an  Appendix  on  Magnetic  and 
Angular  Surveying 3/6 

Slate  and  Slate  Quarrying: 

Scientific,  Practical,  and  Commercial.  By  D.  C.  DAVIES,  F.G.S.  With 
numerous  Illustrations  and  Folding  Plates.  Fourth  Edition  .  .  3/O 

A  First  Book  of  Mining  and  Quarrying, 

With  the  Sciences  connected  therewith,  for  Primary  Schools  and  Self  In- 
struction. By  J.  H.  COLLINS,  F.G.S.  Second  Edition  .  .  .1/6 

Subterraneous  Surveying, 

With  and  without  the  Magnetic  Needle.  By  T.  FENWICK  and  T.  BAKER 
C.E.  Illustrated 2/6 

Mining   Tools. 

Manual  of.  By  WILLIAM  MORGANS,  Lecturer  on  Practical  Mining  at  the 
Bristol  School  of  Mines 2/6 

Mining  Tools,  Atlas 

Of  Engravings  to  Illustrate  the  above,  containing  235  Illustrations  of  Mining 
Tools,  drawn  to  Scale.  410 4/6 

Physical  Geology, 

Partly  based  on  Major-General  POKTLOCK'S  "  Rudiments  of  Geology." 
By  RALPH  TATE,  A.L.S.,  &c.  Woodcuts 2/O 

Historical  Geology, 

Partly  based  on  Major-General  PORTLOCK'S  "  Rudiments."  By  RALPH 
TATE,  A.L.S.,  &c.  Woodcuts 2/6 

Geology,  Physical  and  Historical. 

Consisting  of  "  Physical  Geology,"  which  sets  forth  the  Leading  Principles 
of  the  Science  ;  and  "  Historical  Geology,"  which  treats  of  the  Mineral  And 
Organic  Conditions  of  the  Earth  at  each  successive  epoch.  By  RALPH 
TATE,  F.G.S \  .  .  4/6 

Electro-Metallurgy, 

Practically  Treated.  By  ALEXANDER  WATT.  Tenth  Edition,  enlarged 
and  revised,  including  the  most  Recent  Processes  .  .  .  .3/6 


4         WEALES  SCIENTIFIC   AND  TECHNICAL   SERIES. 

MECHANICAL    ENGINEERING. 
The  "Workman's   Manual  of  Engineering  Drawing. 

By  JOHN  MAXTON,  Instructor  in  Engineering  Drawing,  Royal  Naval 
College,  Greenwich.  Seventh  Edition.  300  Plates  and  Diagrams  .  3/6 

Fuels :  Solid,  Liquid,  and  Gaseous. 

Their  Analysis  and  Valuation.  For  the  Use  of  Chemists  and  Engineers. 
By  H.  J.  PHILLIPS,  F.C.S.,  formerly  Analytical  and  Consulting  Chemist 
to  the  Great  Eastern  Railway.  Third  Edition 2/0 

Fuel,  Its   Combustion  and  Economy. 

Consisting  of  an  Abridgment  of  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Combustion  of  Coal  and 
the  Prevention  of  Smoke."  By  C.  W.  WILMAMS,  A.I.C.E.  With  Exten- 
sive  Additions  by  D.  K.  CLARK,  M.Inst.C.E.  Fourth  Edition  .  3/6 

The  Boilermaker's  Assistant 

In  Drawing,  Templating,  and  Calculating  Boiler  Work,  &c.  By  J.  COURT- 
NEY, Practical  Boilermaker.  Edited  by  D.  K.  CLARK,  C.E.  .  2/0 

The  Boiler-Maker's   Ready  Reckoner, 

With  Examples  of  Practical  Geometry  and  Templating  for  the  Use  of 
Platers,  Smiths,  and  Riveters.  By  JOHN  COURTNEY.  Edited  by  D.  K. 

CLARK,  M.I. C.E.    Fourth  Edition 4/Q 

%*  The  last  two  Works  in  One  Volume,  half-bound,  entitled  "  THE  BOILER- 
MAKER'S  READY-RECKONER  AND  ASSISTANT."  By  J.  COURTNEY  and 
D.  K.  CLARK.  Price  7/0. 

Steam    Boilers : 

Their  Construction  and  Management.    By  R.  ARMSTRONG,  C.E.    Illustrated 

Steam  and  Machinery  Management. 

•       A  Guide  to  the  Arrangement  and  Economical  Management  of  Machinery. 
By  M.  Powis  BALE,  M.Inst.M.E 2/6 

Steam   and  the  Steam  Engine, 

Stationary  and  Portable.  Being  an  Extension  of  the  Treatise  on  the  Steam 
Engine  of  Mr.  J.  SEWELL.  By  D.  K.  CLARK,  C.E.  Fourth  Edition  3/6 

The  Steam   Engine, 

A  Treatise  on  the  Mathematical  Theory  of,  with  Rules  and  Examples  for 
Practical  Men.  By  T.  BAKER,  C.E 1/6 

The   Steam    Engine. 

By  Dr.  LARDNER.     Illustrated 1/6 

Locomotive  Engines, 

ByG.  D.  DEMPSEY,  C.E.  With  large  Additions  treating  of  the  Modern 
Locomotive,  by  D.  K.  CLARK,  M.Inst.C.E 3/Q 

Locomotive  Engine-Driving. 

A  Practical  Manual  for  Engineers  in  charge  of  Locomotive  Engines.  By 
MICHAEL  REYNOLDS.  Tenth  Edition.  3*.  6d.  limp  ;  cloth  boards  .  4/6 

Stationary    Engine-Driving. 

A  Practical  Manual  for  Engineers  in  charge  of  Stationary  Engines.  By 
MICHAEL  REYNOLDS.  Sixth  Edition.  3$.  6J.  limp  ;  cloth  boards  .  4/6 

The  Smithy  and  Forge. 

Including  the  Farrier's  Art  and  Coach  Smithing.  By  W.  J.  E.  CRANK. 
Fourth  Edition  .  2/6 

Modern  Workshop  Practice, 

As  applied  to  Marine,  Land,  and  Locomotive  Engines,  Floating  Docks, 
Dredging  Machines,  Bridges,  Ship-building,  &c.  By  J.  G.  WINTON. 
Fourth  Edition,  Illustrated 3/6 

Mechanical  Engineering. 

Comprising  Metallurgy,  Moulding,  Casting,  Forging,  Tools,  Workshop 
Machinery,  Mechanical  Manipulation,  Manufacture  of  the  Steam  Engine, 
&c.  By  FRANCIS  CAMPIN,  C.E.  Third  Edition  ....  2/6 

Details  of  Machinery. 

Comprising  Instructions  for  the  Execution  of  various  Works  in  Iron  in  the 
Fitting-Shop,  Foundry,  and  Boiler-Yard.  By  FRANCIS  CAMPIN,  C.E.  3/0 


WEALE  S   SCIENTIFIC   AND   TECHNICAL   SERIES.         5 
Elementary  Engineering: 

A  Manual  for  Young  Marine  Engineers  and  Apprentices.  In  the  Form  of 
Questions  and  Answers  on  Metals,  Alloys,  Strength  of  Materials,  &c. 
ByJ.  S.  BREWER.  Fourth  Edition j /Q 

Power  in  Motion: 

Horse-power  Motion,  Toothed-Wheel  Gearing,  Long  and  Short  Driving 
Bands,  Angular  Forces,  &c.  By  JAMES  ARMOUR,  C.E.  Third  Edition  2/O 

Iron  and  Heat, 

Exhibiting  the  Principles  concerned  in  the  Construction  of  Iron  Beams, 
Pillars,  and  Girders.  By  J.  ARMOUR,  C.E.  .  .  .  2/6 

Practical  Mechanism, 

And  Machine  Tools.  By  T.  BAKER,  C.E.  With  Remarks  on  Tools  and 
Machinery,  by  J.  NASMYTH,  C.E 2/6 

Mechanics : 

Being  a  concise  Exposition  of  the  General  Principles  of  Mechanical  Science, 
and  their  Applications.  By  CHARLES  TOMLINSON,  F.R.S.  .  1/6 

Cranes  (The  Construction  of), 

And  other  Machinery  for  Raising  Heavy  Bodies  for  the  Erection  of  Build- 
ings, &c.  By  JOSEPH  GLYNN,  F.R.S 1/6 


NAVIGATION,    SHIPBUILDING,    ETC. 
The  Sailor's  Sea  Book: 

A  Rudimentary  Treatise  on  Navigation.  By  JAMES  GREENWOOD,  B.A. 
With  numerous  Woodcuts  and  Coloured  Plates.  New  and  enlarged 
Edition.  By  W.  H.  ROSSER 2/6 

Practical  Navigation. 

Consisting  of  THE  SAILOR'S  SEA-BOOK,  by  JAMES  GREENWOOD  and  W.  H. 
ROSSER  ;  together  with  Mathematical  and  Nautical  Tables  for  the  Working 
of  the  Problems,  by  HENRY  LAW,  C.E.,  and  Prof.  J.  R.  YOUNG.  7/Q 

Navigation  and  Nautical  Astronomy, 

In  Theory  and  Practice.     By  Prof.  J.  R.  YOUNG.     New  Edition.     2/6 

Mathematical  Tables, 

For  Trigonometrical,  Astronomical,  and  Nautical  Calculations  ;  to  which  is 
prefixed  a  Treatise  on  Logarithms.  By  H.  LAW,  C.E.  Together  with  a 
Series  of  Tables  for  Navigation  and  Nautical  Astronomy.  By  Professor  J. 
R.  YOUNG.  New  Edition 4-/O 

Masting,  Mast-Making,  and  Rigging  of  Ships. 

Also  Tables  of  Spars,  Rigging,  Blocks  ;  Chain,  Wire,  and  Hemp  Ropes, 
&c.,  relative  to  every  class  of  vessels.  By  ROBERT  KIPPING,  N.A.  .  2/O 

Sails  and  Sail -Making. 

With  Draughting,  and  the  Centre  of  Effort  of  the  Sails.  By  ROBERT 
KIPPING,  N.A 2/6 

Marine  Engines  and  Steam  Vessels. 

By  R.  MURRAY,  C.E.  Eighth  Edition,  thoroughly  revised,  with  Add«- 
tions  by  the  Author  and  by  GEORGE  CARLISLE,  C.E.  .  .  .  4/6 

Naval  Architecture  : 

An  Exposition  of  Elementary  Principles.     By  JAMES  PEAKE    .        .     3/6 

Ships  for  Ocean  and  River  Service, 

Principles  of  the  Construction  of.     By  HAKON  A.  SOMMSRFELDT  .      1  /Q 

Atlas  of  Engravings 

To  Illustrate  the  above.  Twelve  large  folding  Plates.  Royal  410,  cloth     7/6 

The  Forms   of  Ships  and  Boats. 

By  W.  BLAND.  Ninth  Edition,  with  numerous  Illustrations  and 
Models  ....  1/6 


6      WEALE'S  SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  SERIES. 

ARCHITECTURE   AND    THE 

BUILDING   ARTS. 
Constructional  Iron  and  Steel  Work, 

As  applied  to  Public,  Private,  and  Domestic  Buildings.  By  FRANCIS 
CAMPIN,  C.E. 3/Q 

Building  Estates : 

A  Treatise  on  the  Development,  Sale,  Purchase,  and  Management  of  Build- 
ing Land.  By  F.  MAITLAND.  Third  Edition 2/0 

The  Science  of  Building  : 

An  Elementary  Treatise  on  the  Principles  of  Construction.  By  E.  WVND- 
HAM  TARN,  M.A.  Lond.  Fourth  Edition 3/6 

The  Art  of  Building : 

General  Principles  of  Construction,  Strength,  and  Use  of  Materials,  Working 
Drawings,  Specifications,  &c.  By  EDWARD  DOBSON,  M.R.I.B.A.  .  2/0 

A  Book  on  Building, 

Civil  and  Ecclesiastical.  By  Sir  EDMUND  BECKETT,  Q.C.  (Lord  GRIM- 
THORPE).  Second  Edition 4/6 

Dwelling-Houses  (The  Erection  of), 

Illustrated  by  a  Perspective  View,  Plans,  and  Sections  of  a  Pair  of  Villas,  with 
Specification,  Quantities,  and  Estimates.  By  S.  H.  BROOKS,  Architect  2/6 

Cottage  Building. 

By  C.  BRUCK  ALI.EN.  Eleventh  Edition,  with  Chapter  on  Economic  Cot- 
tages for  Allotments,  by  E.  E.  ALLEN,  C.E 2/0 

Acoustics  in  Relation  to  Architecture  and  Building: 

The  Laws  of  Sound  as  applied  to  the  Arrangement  of  Buildings.  By  Pro- 
fessor T.  ROGER  SMITH,  F.R.I. B.A.  New  Edition,  Revised  .  .  1/6 

The  Rudiments  of  Practical  Bricklaying. 

General  Principles  of  Bricklaying  ;  Arch  Drawing,  Cutting,  and  Setting  ; 
Pointing  ;  Paving,  Tiling,  &c.  By  ADAM  HAMMOND.  With  68  Woodcuts 

1  /6 
The  Art  of  Practical  Brick  Cutting  and  Setting. 

By  ADAM  HAMMOND.    With  90  Engravings 1/6 

Brickwork  : 

A  Practical  Treatise,  embodying  the  General  and  Higher  Principles  of 
Bricklaying,  Cutting  and  Setting  ;  with  the  Application  of  Geometry  to  Roof 
Tiling,  &c.  By  F.  WALKER 1/6 

Bricks  and  Tiles, 

Rudimentary  Treatise  on  the  Manufacture  of;  containing  an  Outline  of  the 
Prmciples  of  Brickmaking.  By  E.  DOBSON,  M.R.I. B.A.  Additions  by 
C.  TOMLINSON,  F.R.S.  Illustrated 3/O 

The  Practical  Brick  and  Tile  Book. 

Comprising:  BRICK  AND  TILE  MAKING,  by  E.  DOBSON,  M.lNST.C.E. ; 
Practical  BRICKLAYING,  by  A.  HAMMOND;  BRICK-CUTTING  AND  SETTING, 
by  A.  HAMMOND.  550  pp.  with  270  Illustrations,  half-bound  .  .  6/O 

Carpentry  and  Joinery — 

THE  ELEMENTARY  PRINCIPLES  OF  CARPENTRY.  Chiefly  composed  from  th<- 
Standard  Work  of  THOMAS  TREDGOLD,  C.E.  With  Additions,  and  TREATS 
ON  JOINERY,  by  E.  W.  TARN,  M.A.  Seventh  Edition  .  .  .  3/6 

Carpentry  and  Joinery — Atlas 

Of  35  Plates  to  accompany  and  Illustrate  the  foregoing  book.  With 
Descriptive  Letterpress.  410 6/0 


WEALE'S  SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  SERIES.      7 

A  Practical   Treatise  on   Handrail  ing; 

Showing  New  and  Simple  Methods.  By  GEO.  COLLINGS.  Second  Edition. 
Revised,  including  a  TREATISE  ON  STAIRBUILDING.  With  Plates  .  219 

Circular  Work  in  Carpentry  and  Joinery. 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Circular  Work  of  Single  and  Double  Curvature. 
By  GEORGE  COLLINGS.  Third  Edition 2/6 

Roof  Carpentry : 

Practical  Lessons  in  the  Framing  of  Wood  Roofs.  For  the  Use  of  Working 
Carpenters.  By  GEO.  COLLINGS  2/0 

The  Construction  of  Roofs  of  Wood  and  Iron; 

Deduced  chiefly  from  the  Works  of  Robison,  Tredgold,  and  Humber.  By 
E.  WYNDH AM  TARN,  M. A.,  Architect.  Third  Edition  .  .  .1/6 

The  Joints  Made  and  Used  by  Builders. 

By  WYVILL  J.  CHRISTY,  Architect.     With  160  Woodcuts         .  3/0 

Shoring 

And  its  Application  :  A  Handbook  for  the  Use  of  Students.  By  GKOKGB 
H.  BLAGROVE.  With  31  Illustrations 1/6 

The    Timber    Importer's,    Timber    Merchant's,    and 
Builder's  Standard  Guide. 

By  R.  E.  GRANDY 2/O 

Plumbing : 

A  Text-Book  to  the  Practice  of  the  Art  or  Craft  of  the  Plumber.  WUb 
Chapters  upon  House  Drainage  and  Ventilation.  By  WM.  PATON  BUCHAN 
Eighth  Edition,  Re-written  and  Enlarged,  with  500  Illustrations  .  3/6 

Ventilation : 

A  Text  Book  to  the  Practice  of  the  Art  of  Ventilating  Buildings.  By  W.  P. 
BUCHAN,  R.P.,  Author  of  "  Plumbing,"  &c.  With  170  Illustrations  3/6 

The  Practical  Plasterer: 

A  Compendium  of  Plain  and  Ornamental  Plaster  Work.  By  W.  KEMP    2/0 

House  Painting,  Graining,  Marbling,  &  Sign  Writing. 

With  a  Course  of  Elementary  Drawing,  and  a  Collection  of  Useful  Receipts. 
By  ELLIS  A.  DAVIDSON.       Eighth  Edition.     Coloured  Plates  .         .     o/O 
*#*  The  above,  in  cloth  boards,  strongly  boundt  Q/Q 

A   Grammar  of  Colouring, 

Applied  to  Decorative  Painting  and  the  Arts.  By  GEORGE  FIELD.  New 
Edition,  enlarged,  by  ELLIS  A.  DAVIDSON.  With  Coloured  Plates  .  3/0 

Elementary  Decoration 

As  applied  to  Dwelling  Houses,  &c.  By  JAMES  W.  FACEY.  Illustrated    2/0 

Practical  House  Decoration. 

A  Guide  to  the  Art  of  Ornamental  Painting,  the  Arrangement  of  Colours  IB 
Apartments,  and  the  Principles  of  Decorative  Design.  By  JAMES  W.  FACBT. 

%*   The  last  two  Works  in  One  handsome  Vol.,  half-bound^  entitled  "  HOUSE 
DECORATION,  ELEMENTARY  AND  PRACTICAL, "price  5/0 

Portland  Cement  for   Users. 

By  HENRY  FAIJA,  A.M.Inst.C.E.     Third  Edition,  Corrected  .        .     2/O 

Limes,   Cements,  Mortars,  Concretes,    Mastics,   Plas- 
tering, &c. 

By  G.  R.  BURNELL    C.E.     Fifteenth  Edition 1/6 


8       WEALE'S  SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  SERIES. 

Masonry  and  Stone-Cutting. 

The  Principles  of  Masonic  Projection  and  their  application  to  Construction. 
By  EDWARD  DOBSON,  M.R.I.B.A 2/6 

Arches,  Piers,  Buttresses,  &c. : 

Experimental  Essays  on  the  Principles  of  Construction.      By  W.  BLAND. 

1  /6 
Quantities  and  Measurements, 

In  Bricklayers',  Masons',  Plasterers',  Plumbers',  Painters',  PaperhangerV. 
Gilders',  Smiths',  Carpenters' and  Joiners' Work.  By  A.  C.  BEATON  1/6 

The  Complete  Measurer: 

Setting  forth  the  Measurement  of  Boards,  Glass,  Timber  and  Stone.    By  R. 

HORTON.     Sixth  Edition      .  4/0 

%*  The  above,  strongly  bound  in  leather,  price  5/0- 

Light: 

An  Introduction  to  the  Science  of  Optics.  Designed  for  the  Use  of  Students 
of  Architecture,  Engineering,  and  other  Applied  Sciences.  By  E.  WYND- 
HAM  TARN,  M.A.,  Author  of  "  The  Science  of  Building,"  &c.  .  .1  /6 

Hints  to  Young  Architects. 

By  GEORGE  WIGHTWICK,  Architect.  Sixth  Edition,  revised  and  enlarged 
by  G.  HUSKISSON  GUILLAUME,  Architect  ...  .  3/6 

Architecture— Orders : 

The  Orders  and  their  ./Esthetic  Principles.    By  W.  H.  LEEDS.    Illustrated. 

1/6 
Architecture— Styles : 

The  History  and  Description  of  the  Styles  of  Architecture  of  Various 
Countries,  from  the  Earliest  to  the  Present  Period.  By  T.  TALBOT  BPRY, 
F.R.I.B.A.  Illustrated 2/0 

***  ORDERS  AND  STYLES  OF  ARCHITECTURE,  in  One  Vol.,  3/6. 

Architecture— Design : 

The  Principles  of  Design  in  Architecture,  as  deducible  from  Nature  and 
exemplified  in  the  Works  of  the  Greek  and  Gothic  Architects.  By  EDVV. 

LACY  GARBETT,  Architect.     Illustrated 2/6 

*#*   The  three  preceding  IVorks  in  One  handsome  Vol.,  half  bound,   entitled 
"MODERN  ARCHITECTURE," price  6/0- 

Perspective  for  Beginners. 

Adapted  to  Young  Students  and  Amateurs  in  Architecture,  Painting,  &c. 
By  GEORGE  PYNE 2/O 

Architectural  Modelling  in  Paper. 

By  T.  A.  RICHARDSON.     With  Illustrations,  engraved  by  O.  JEWITT     1  /6 

Glass  Staining,  and  the  Art  of  Painting  on  Glass. 

From  the  German  of  Dr.  GESSERT  and  EMANUEL  OTTO  FROMBERG.  With 
an  Appendix  on  THE  ART  OF  ENAMELLING 2/6 

YitruYius—  The  Architecture  of. 

In  Ten   Books.    Translated   from  the   Latin   by  JOSEPH  GWILT,  F.S.A., 

F.R.A.S.     With  23  Plates 5/0 

N.B. — This  is  the  only  Edition  ^VITRUVIUS  procurable  at  a  moderate  price 

Grecian    Architecture, 

An  Inquiry  into  the  Principles  of  Beauty  in.  With  an  Historical  View  of  the 
Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Art  in  Greece.  By  the  EARL  OF  ABERDEEN  \  /Q 

***  The  two  preceding  Works  in  One  handsome  Vol.,  half  bound,  entitled 
"ANCIENT  ARCHITECTURE,"  price  6/0- 


WEALE  S   SCIENTIFIC   AND   TECHNICAL   SERIES. 

INDUSTRIAL   AND    USEFUL    ARTS. 
Cements,  Pastes,  Glues,  and   Gums. 

A  Practical  Guide  to  the  Manufacture  and  Application  of  the  various 
Agglutinants  required  for  Workshop,  Laboratory,  or  Office  Use.  With 
upwards  of  900  Recipes  and  Formulae.  By  H.  C.  STANDAGE  .  .  2/0 

Clocks  and  Watches,  and  Bells, 

A  Rudimentary  Treatise  on.  By  Sir  EDMUND  BECKETT,  Q.C. '  (Lord 
GRIMTHORPE).  Seventh  Edition 4/6 

The  Goldsmith's  Handbook. 

Containing  full  Instructions  in  the  Art  of  Alloying,  Melting,  Reducing, 
Colouring,  Collecting  and  Refining,  Recovery  of  Waste,  Solders,  Enamels, 
&c.,  &c.  By  GEORGE  E.  GEE.  Fifth  Edition 3/0 

The  Silversmith's  Handbook, 

On  the  same  plan  as  the  GOLDSMITH'S  HANDBOOK.    By  G.  E.  GEK.     3/O 
***  The  last  two  Works,  in  One  handsome  Vol.,  Jtalf -bound,  7/O- 

The  Hall-Marking  of  Jewellery. 

Comprising  an  account  of  all  the  different  Assay  Towns  of  the  United 
Kingdom;  with  the  Stamps  and  Laws  relating  to  the  Standards  and  Hall- 
Marks  at  the  various  Assay  Offices.  By  GEORGE  E.  GEE  .  .  3/0 

French   Polishing  and   Enamelling. 

A  Practical  Work  of  Instruction,  including  numerous  Recipes  for  making 
Polishes,  Varnishes,  Glaze-Lacquers,  Revivers,  &c.  By  R.  BITMEAD. 

[Just  Published.     1  /Q 

Practical  Organ  Building. 

By  W.  E.  DICKSON,  M.A.     Second  Edition,  Revised,  with  Additions    2/6 

Coach-Building: 

A  Practical  Treatise.    By  JAMES  W.  BURGESS.    With  57  Illustrations     2/6 

The  Cabinet-Maker's   Guide 

To  the  Entire  Construction  of  Cabinet-Work.     By  R.  BITMEAD. 

\JustPublished.     2/6 

The  Brass  Founder's  Manual: 

Instructions  for  Modelling,  Pattern  Making,  Moulding.  Turning,  &c.  By 
W.  GRAHAM 2/0 

The  Sheet-Metal  Worker's   Guide. 

A  Practical  Handbook  fur  Tinsmiths,  Coppersmiths,  Zincworkers,  &c.,  with 
46  Diagrams.  By  W.  J.  E.  CRANE.  Third  Edition,  revised  .  .1/6 

Sewing   Machinery: 

Its  Construction,  History,  &c.  With  full  Technical  Directions  for  Adjust- 
ing, &c.  By  J.  W.  URQUHART,  C.E 2/0 

Gas   Fitting: 

A  Practical  Handbook.     By  JOHN  BLACK.     New  Edition          .         .     2/6 

Construction  of  Door  Locks. 

From  the  Papers  of  A.  C.  HOBBS.     Edited  by  C.  TOMLINSON,  F.R.S.     2/6 

The    Model    Locomotive    Engineer,    Fireman,    and 
Engine-Boy. 

By  MICHAEL  REYNOLDS 3/6 

The  Art  of  Letter  Painting  made  Easy. 

By  J.  G.  BAUENOCH.     With  12  full-page  Engravings  of  Examples  .      1  /6 

The  Art  of  Boot  and  Shoemaking. 

Including  Measurement,  Last-fitting,  Cutting-out,  Closing  and  Making.  By 
JOHN  BEDFORD  LENO.  With  numerous  Illustrations.  Fourth  Edition  2/O 

Mechanical  Dentistry: 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Construction  of  the  Various  Kinds  of  Artificial 
Dentures.  By  CHARLES  HUNTEK.  Fourth  Edition  .  .  .  3/0 

Wood  Engraving: 

A  Practical  and  Easy  Introduction  to  the  Art.     By  W.  N.  BROWN    .      1  /6 

Laundry  Management. 

A  Handbook  for  Use  in  Private  and  Public  Laundries.  By  the  EDITOR  of 
"  The  Laundry  Journal." 2/0 


10       WE  ALE'S  SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL   SERIES. 


AGRICULTURE,    GARDENING,    ETC. 
Draining  and  Embanking: 

A  Practical  Treatise.     By  Prof.  JOHN  SCOTT.     With  68  Illustrations     1  /6 

Irrigation  and  Water  Supply: 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  Water  Meadows,  Sewage  Irrigation,  Warping,  &c.; 
on  the  Construction  of  Wells,  Ponds,  Reservoirs,  &c.  By  Prof.  JOHN 
SCOTT.  With  34  Illustrations 1/6 

Farm  Roads,  Fences,  and  Gates: 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Roads,  Tramways,  and  Waterways  of  the 
Farm;  the  Principles  of  Enclosures;  and  the  different  kinds  of  Fences, 
Gates,  and  Stiles.  By  Prof.  JOHN  SCOTT.  With  75  Illustrations  .  1  /6 

Farm  Buildings : 

A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Buildings  necessary  for  various  kinds  of  Farms, 
their  Arrangement  and  Construction,  with  Plans  and  Estimates.  By  Prof. 
JOHN  SCOTT.  With  105  Illustrations 2/0 

Barn  Implements  and  Machines : 

Treating  of  the  Application  of  Power  and  Machines  used  in  the  Threshing- 
bam,  Stockyard,  Dairy,  &c.  By  Prof.  J.  SCOTT.  With  123  Illustrations. 

2/0 
Field  Implements  and  Machines: 

With  Principles  and  Details  of  Construction  and  Points  of  Excellence,  their 
Management,  &c.  By  Prof.  JOHN  SCOTT.  With  138  Illustrations  2/0 

Agricultural  Surveying : 

A  Treatise  on  Land  Surveying,  Levelling,  and  Setting-out ;  with  Directions 
for  Valuing  Estates.  By  Prof.  J.  SCOTT.  With  62  Illustrations  .  1  /6 

Farm  Engineering. 

By  Professor  JOHN  SCOTT.  Comprising  the  above  Seven  Volumes  in  One, 
i, 150  pages,  and  over  600  Illustrations.  Half-bound  .  .  .  12/0 

Outlines  of  Farm  Management. 

Treating  of  the  General  Work  of  the  Farm ;  Stock ;  Contract  Work ; 
Labour,  &c.  By  R.  SCOTT  BURN 2/6 

Outlines  of  Landed  Estates   Management. 

Treating  of  the  Varieties  of  Lands,  Methods  of  Farming,  Setting-out  of 

Farms,  Roads,  Fences,  Gates,  Drainage,  &c.     By  R.  SCOTT  BURN  .     2/6 

%*  The  above  Two  Vols.  in  One,  handsomely  half-bound,  price  6/0 

Soils,  Manures,  and  Crops. 

(Vol.  I.  OUTLINES  OF  MODERN  FARMING.)    By  R.  SCOTT  BURN  .     2/0 

Farming  and  Farming  Economy. 

(Vol.  II.  OUTLINES  OF  MODERN  FARMING.)    By  R.  SCOTT  BURN    3/Q 

Stock:    Cattle,  Sheep,  and  Horses. 

(Vol.  III.  OUTLINES  OF  MODERN  FARMING.)      By  R.  SCOTT  BURN    2/6 

Dairy,  Pigs,  and  Poultry. 

(Vol.  IV.  OUTLINES  OF  MODERN  FARMING.)    By  R.  SCOTT  BURN    2/0 

Utilization   of  Sewage,   Irrigation,    and  Reclamation 
of  Waste   Land. 

(Vol.  V.  OUTLINES  OF  MODERN  FARMING.)    Uy  R.  SCOTT  BURN  .     2/6 

Outlines  of  Modern  Farming. 

By  R.  SCOTT  BURN.  Consisting  of  the  above  Five  Volumes  in  One, 
1,250  pp.,  profusely  Illustrated,  half-bound  ....  1  2/0 


WEALE'S  SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  SERIES.     11 

Book-keeping  for  Farmers  and   Estate  Owners. 

A  Practical  Treatise,  presenting,  in  Three  Plans,  a  System  adapted  for  all 
classes  of  Farms.  By  J.  M.  WOODMAN.  Third  Edition,  revised  .  2/6 

Ready  Reckoner  for  the  Admeasurement  of  Land. 

By  A.  ARMAN.    Fourth  Edition,  revised  and  extended  by  C.  NORRIS    2/0 

Miller's,     Corn     Merchant's,     and     Farmer's     Ready 
Reckoner. 

Second  Edition,  revised,  with  a  Price  List  of  Modern  Flour  Mill  Machinery, 
by  W.  S.  HUTTON,  C.E 2/0 

The  Hay  and  Straw  Measurer. 

New  Tables  for  the  Use  of  Auctioneers,  Valuers,  Farmers,  Hay  and  Straw 
Dealers,  &c.  By  JOHN  STEELE 2/0 

Meat  Production. 

A  Manual  for  Producers,  Distributors,  and  Consumers  of  Butchers'  Meat. 
By  JOHN  EWART 2/6 

Sheep : 

The  History,  Structure,  Economy,  and  Diseases  of.  By  W.  C.  SPOONEK, 
M.R.V.S.  Fifth  Edition,  with  fine  Engravings 3/6 

Market  and  Kitchen  Gardening. 

By  C.  W.  SHAW,  late  Editor  of  "  Gardening  Illustrated  "  .        .        .     3/0 

Kitchen  Gardening  Made  Easy. 

Showing  the  best  means  of  Cultivating  every  known  Vegetable  and  Herb, 
&c.,  with  directions  for  management  all  the  year  round.  By  GEORGE  M.  F. 
GLENNY.  Illustrated 1/6 

Cottage  Gardening: 

Or  Flowers,  Fruits,  and  Vegetables  for  Small  Gardens.     By  E.  HOBDAY. 

1/6 
Garden  Receipts. 

Edited  by  CHARLES  W.  QUIN      .  1/6 

Fruit    Trees, 

The  Scientific  and  Profitable  Culture  of.  From  the  French  of  M.  Du 
BKEUIL.  Fifth  Edition,  carefully  Revised  by  GEORGE  GLENNY.  With 
187  Woodcuts 3/6 

The  Tree  Planter   and   Plant    Propagator : 

With  numerous  Illustrations  of  Grafting,  Layering,  Budding,  Implements, 
Houses,  Pits,  &c.  By  SAMUEL  WOOD 2/0 

The   Tree   Pruner : 

A  Practical  Manual  on  the  Pruning  of  Fruit  Trees,  Shrubs,  Climbers,  and 
Flowering  Plants.  With  numerous  Illustrations.  By  SAMUEL  WOOD  1  /Q 

%*  The  above  Two  Vols.  in  One,  handsomely  half-bound^  price  3/6 

The  Art  of  Grafting  and  Budding. 

By  CHARLES  BALTET.     With  Illustrations  .        .        .        .        .     2/6 


12     WE  ALE'S  SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  SERIES. 


MATHEMATICS,    ARITHMETIC,    ETC. 
Descriptive  Geometry, 

An  Elementary  Treatise  on  ;  with  a  Theory  of  Shadows  and  of  Perspective, 
extracted  from  the  French  of  G.  MONGE.  To  which  is  added  a  Description 
of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Isometrical  Projection.  By  J.  F.  HEATHEK, 
M.A.  With  14  Plates 2/0 

Practical  Plane  Geometry: 

Giving  the  Simplest  Modes  of  Constructing  Figures  contained  in  one  Plane 
and  Geometrical  Construction  of  the  Ground.  By  J.  F.  HEATHER,  M.A. 
With  215  Woodcuts 2/0 

Analytical  Geometry  and  Conic  Sections, 

A  Rudimentary  Treatise  on.  I3y  I  AMES  HANN.  A  New  Edition,  re- 
written and  enlarged  by  Professor  J .  R.  YOUNG  ....  2/O 

Euclid  (The  Elements  of). 

With  many  Additional  Propositions  and  Explanatory  Notes ;  to  which  is 
prefixed  an  Introductory  Essay  on  Logic.  By  HENRY  LAW,  C.E.  .  2/6 

***  Sold  also  separately,  viz: — 

Euclid.     The  First  Three  Books.     By  HENRY  LAW,  C.E.    .        .        .1/6 
Euclid.     Books  4,  5,  6,   u,  12.     By  HENKY  LAW,  C.E.     .  .1/6 

Plane  Trigonometry, 

The  Elements  of.     By  JAMES  HANN.          .  •        •        '        '      1  /6 

Spherical  Trigonometry, 

The  Elements  of.  By  JAMES  HANN.  Revised  by  CHARLES  H.  DOW- 
LING,  C.E 1  /O 

***  Or  with  "  The  Elements  of  Plane  Trigonometry,"  in  One  Volume,   2/'6 

Differential  Calculus, 

Elements  of  the.     By  W.  S.  B.  WOOLHOUSE,  F.R.A.S.,  &c.       .        .1/3 

Integral  Calculus. 

By  HOMERSHAM  Cox,  B.A 1/6 

Algebra, 

The  Elements  of.  By  JAMES  HADDON,  M.A.  With  Appendix,  containing 
Miscellaneous  Investigations,  and  a  Collection  of  Problems  .  .  2/0 

A  Key  and  Companion  to  the  Above. 

An  extensive  Repository  of  Solved  Examples  and  Problems  in  Algebra. 
By  J.  R.  YOUNG 1/6 

Commercial  Book-keeping. 

With  Commercial  Phrases  and  Forms  in  English,  French,  Italian,  and 
German.  By  JAMES  HADDON,  M.A 1/6 

Arithmetic, 

A  Rudimentary  Treatise  on.  With  full  Explanations  of  its  Theoretical 
Principles,  and  numerous  Examples  for  Practice.  For  the  Use  of  Schools 
and  for  Self-Instruction.  By  J.  R.  YOUNG,  late  Professor  of  Mathematics 
in  Belfast  College.  Thirteenth  Edition 1/6 

A  Key  to  the  Above. 

By  J.  R.  YOUNG 1/6 

Equational  Arithmetic, 

Applied  to  Questions  of  Interest,  Annuities,  Life  Assurance,  and  General 
Commerce  ;  with  various  Tables  by  which  all  Calculations  may  be  greatly 
facilitated.  By  W.  HIPSLEY 1/6 

Arithmetic, 

Rudimentary,  for  the  Use  of  Schools  and  Self- Instruction.  By  JAMES 
HADDON,  M.A.  Revised  by  ABKAHAM  ARMAN  .  .  .  .1/6 

A  Key  to  the  Above. 

By  A.  ARM.\N        ...  ,        ,  ..1/6 


WEALE'S    SCIENTIFIC   AND  TECHNICAL   SERIES.       13 


Mathematical   Instruments  : 

Their   Construction,  Adjustment,    Testing,    and   Use   concisely  Explained. 

By  J.  F.  HEATHER,   M.A.,  of  the  Royal   Military  Academy,  Woolwich. 

Fourteenth    Edition,    Revised,    with    Additions,    by   A.   T.    WALMJSLEY, 

M.I.C.E.     Original  Edition,  in  i  vol.,  Illustrated        ....     2/O 

*»*   In  ordering  the  above,  be  careful  to  say   "Original  Edition,"  or  give  the 

number  in  the  Series  (32),  to  distinguish  it  frotn  the  Enlarged  Edition  in 

3  vols.  (as  follows) — 

Drawing  and  Measuring   Instruments. 

Including — I.  Instruments  employed  in  Geometrical  and  Mechanical  Draw. 
ing,  and  in  the  Construction,  Copying,  and  Measurement  of  Maps  an& 
Plans.  II.  Instruments  used  for  the  purposes  of  Accurate  Measurement, 
and  for  Arithmetical  Computations.  ByJ.  F.  HEATHER,  M.A.  .  1  /Q 

Optical  Instruments. 

Including  (more  especially)  Telescopes,  Microscopes,  and  Apparatus  for 
producing  copies  of  Maps  and  Plans  by  Photography.  By  J.  F.  HEATHER, 
M.A.  Illustrated 1/6 

Surveying  and  Astronomical   Instruments. 

Including — I.  Instruments  used  for  Determining  the  Geometrical   Features 
of  a  portion   of  Ground.     II.  Instruments  employed   in  Astronomical   Ob- 
servations.    ByJ.   F.  HEATHER,  M.A.     Illustrated.          .        .        .1/6 
*^*   The  above  three  volumes  form  an  enlargement  of  the  Author  s  original  work) 
"  Mathematical  Instruments,"  price  2/0-     (Described  at  top  of  page.) 

Mathematical  Instruments : 

Their  Construction,  Adjustment,  Testing  and  Use.  Comprising  Drawing, 
Measuring,  Optical,  Surveying,  and  Astronomical  Instruments.  By  J.  F. 
H  RATHER,  M.A.  Enlarged  Edition,  for  the  most  part  entirely  re-written. 
The  Three  Parts  as  above,  in  One  thick  Volume.  ....  4/6 

The  Slide  Rule,  and  How  to  Use  It. 

Containing  full,  easy,  and  simple  Instructions  to  perform  all  Business  Cal- 
culations with  unexampled  rapidity  and  accuracy.  By  CHARLES  Ho  A  RE, 
C.E.  With  a  Slide  Rule,  in  tuck  of  cover.  Seventh  Edition  .  .  2/6 

Logarithms. 

With  Mathematical  Tab'es  for  Trigonometrical,  Astronomical,  and  Nautical 
Calculations.  By  HENRY  LAW,  C.E.  Revised  Edition  .  .  .  3/Q 

Compound  Interest  and  Annuities  (Theory  of). 

With  Tables  of  Logarithms  for  the  more  Difficult  Computations  of  Interest, 
Discount,  Annuities,  &c.,  in  all  their  Applications  and  Uses  for  Mercantile 
and  State  Purposes  By  FEDOR  THOMAN,  Paris.  Fourth  Edition  .  4/Q 

Mathematical  Tables, 

For  Trigonometrical,  Astronomical,  and  Nautical  Calculations  ;  to  which  is 
prefixed  a  Treatise  on  Logarithms.  By  H.  LAW,  C.E.  Together  with  a 
Series  of  Tables  for  Navigation  and  Nautical  Astronomy.  By  Professor  J. 
R.  YOUNG.  New  Edition 4/Q 

Mathematics, 

As  applied  to  the  Constructive  Arts.  By  FRANCIS  CAMFIN,  C.E.,  &c. 
Third  Edition .  3/Q 

Astronomy. 

By  the  late  Rev.  ROBERT  MAIN,  F.R.S.  Third  Edition,  revised  and  cor- 
rected to  the  Present  Time.  By  W.  T.  LYNN,  F.R.A.S.  .  .  .  2/O 

Statics  and  Dynamics. 

The  Principles  and  Practice  of.  Embracing  also  a  clear  development  of 
Hydrostatics,  Hydrodynamics,  and  Central  Forces.  By  T.  BAKER,  C.E. 
Fourth  Edition  .  1/6 


14     WE  ALE'S  SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  SERIES. 

BOOKS    OF    REFERENCE   AND 

MISCELLANEOUS    VOLUMES. 

A  Dictionary  of  Painters,  and  Handbook  for  Picture 
Amateurs. 

Being  a  Guide  for  Visitors  to  Public  and  Private  Picture  Galleries,  and  for 
Art-Students,  including  Glossary  of  Terms,  Sketch  of  Principal  Schools  of 
Painting,  &c.  By  PHILIPPE  DARYL,  B.A 2/6 

Painting  Popularly  Explained. 

By  T.  J.  GULLICK,  Painter,  and  JOHN  TIMES,  F.S.A.  Including  Fresco, 
Oil,  Mosaic,  Water  Colour,  Water-Glass,  Tempera  Encaustic,  Miniature, 
Painting  on  Ivory,  Vellum,  Potteiy,  Enamel,  Glass,  &c.  Sixth  Edition  5/0 

A  Dictionary  of  Terms  used  in  Architecture,  Build- 
ing, Engineering,  Mining,  Metallurgy,  Archae- 
ology, the  Fine  Arts,  &c. 

By  JOHN  WEALE.     Sixth  Edition.     Edited  by  R.  HUNT,  F.R.S.     .     5/0 

Music : 

A  Rudimentary  and  Practical  Treatise.  With  numerous  Examples.  By 
CHARLES  CHILD  SPENCER 2/6 

Pianoforte, 

The  Art  of  Playing  the.  With  numerous  Exercises  and  Lessons.  By 
CHARLES  CHILD  SPENCER 1  /Q 

The  House  Manager. 

j  A  Guide  to  Housekeeping,  Cookery,  Pickling  and  Preserving,  Household 
Work,  Dairy  Management,  Cellarage  of  Wines,  Home-brewing  and  Wine- 
making,  Gardening,  &c.  By  AN  OLD  HOUSEKEEPER  .  .  3/6 

Manual  of  Domestic  Medicine. 

By  R.  GOODING,  M.D.  Intended  as  a  Family  Guide  in  all  cases  of 
Accident  and  Emergency.  Third  Edition,  carefully  revised  .  .  2/0 

Management  of  Health. 

A  Manual  of  Home  and  Personal  Hygiene.     By  Rev.  JAMES  BAIRD     1  /O 

Natural  Philosophy, 

For  the  Use  of  Beginners.     By  CHARLES  TOMLINSON,  F.R.S.  .        .1/6 

The  Elementary  Principles  of  Electric  Lighting. 

By  ALAN  A.  CAMPBELL  SWINTON,  M.lNST.C.E.,  M.I.E.E.  Fourth 
Edition,  Revised [fust  Publisfied  \  JQ 

The  Electric  Telegraph, 

Its  History  and  Progress.     By  R.  SABINE,  C.E.,  F.S.A.,  &c.    .        .     3/Q 

Handbook  of  Field  Fortification. 

By  Major  W.  W.  KNOLLYS,  F.R.G.S.     With  163  Woodcuts     .        .     3/Q 


>ure  and  Applied.     By  S.  H.  EMMENS.    Third  Edition   .        .        .1/6 

Locke  on  the  Human  Understanding, 

Selections  from.     With  Notes  by  S.  H.  EMMENS        .        .        ,        -1/6 

The  Compendious  Calculator 

(Intuitive  Calculations}.  Or  Easy  and  Concise  Methods  of  Performing  the 
various  Arithmetical  Operations  required  in  Commercial  and  Business 
Transactions  ;  together  with  Useful  Tables,  &c.  By  DANIEL  O'GORMAN. 
Twenty-seventh  Edition,  carefully  revised  by  C.  NORMS  .  .  .2/6 


WEALED    SCIENTIFIC   AND   TECHNICAL   SERIES.      15 
Measures,  Weights,  and  Moneys  of  all  Nations. 

With  an  Analysis   of  the  Christian,  Hebrew,  and  Mahometan  Calendars. 
By  W.  S.  B.  WOOLHOUSE,  F.R.A.S.,  F.S.S.     Seventh  Edition         .     2/6 

Grammar  of  the  English  Tongue, 

Spoken  and  Written.     With  an  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Comparative 
Philology.     By  HYDE  CLARKE,  D.C.L.     Fifth  Edition.    .        .        ;     1/6 

Dictionary  of  the  English  Language. 

As  Spoken  and  Written.      Containing  above  100,000  Words.      By  HYDB 

CLARKE,  D.C.L 3/6 

Complete  with  the  GRAMMAR,  5/6 

Composition  and  Punctuation, 

Familiarly  Explained  for  thos«  who  have  neglected  the  Study  of  Grammar. 
By  JUSTIN  BRENAN.     i8th  Edition 1/6 

French  Grammar. 

With  Complete  and  Concise  Rules  on  the  Genders  of  French  Nouns.     By 
G.  L.  STRAUSS,  Ph.D 1/6 

English-French  Dictionary. 

Comprising  a  large  number  of  Terms  used  in  Engineering,  Mining,  &c. 
By  ALFRED  ELWES 2/0 

French  Dictionary. 

In    two    Parts — I.    French-English.     II.     English-French,    complete     in 

One  Vol 3/0 

%*  Or  with  the  GRAMMAR,  4/6- 

French  and  English  Phrase  Book. 

Containing  Introductory  Lessons,  with  Translations,  Vocabularies  of  Words. 
Collection  of  Phrases,  and  Easy  Familiar  Dialogues  .        .        .        -1/6 

German  Grammar. 

Adapted  for  English   Students,    from  Heyse's  Theoretical  and   Practical 
Grammar,  by  Dr.  G.  L.  STRAUSS 1/6 

German  Triglot  Dictionary. 

By  N.  E.  S.  A.   HAMILTON.     Part  I.  German- French-English.     Part  II. 
English-German-French.     Part  III.  French-German-English    .        .     3/0 

German  Triglot  Dictionary. 

(As  above).     Together  with  German  Grammar,  in  One  Volume          .     5/O 

Italian  Grammar. 

Arranged  in  Twenty  Lessons,  with  Exercises.     By  ALFRED  ELWES.      1 JQ 

Italian  Triglot  Dictionary, 

Wherein  the  Genders  of  all  the  Italian  and  French  Nouns  are  carefully 
noted  down.     By  ALFRED  ELWES.     Vol.  I.  Italian-English-French.     2/6 

Italian  Triglot  Dictionary. 

By  ALFRED  EL\VES.    Vol.  II.  English- French- Italian       .        .        .     2/6 

Italian  Triglot  Dictionary. 

By  ALFRED  ELWES.     Vol.  III.   French-Italian- English     .        .        .     26 

Italian  Triglot  Dictionary. 

(As  above).     In  One  Vol 7/5 

Spanish  Grammar.  * 

In  a  Simple  and  Practical  Form.  With  Exercises.  By  ALFRED  ELWES     1  /6 

Spanish-English  and  English-Spanish  Dictionary. 

Including  a  large  number  of  Technical  Terms  used  in  Mining,  Engineering, 
&c.,  with  the  proper  Accents  and  the  Gender  of  every  Noun.     By  ALFRED 

ELWES 4/0 

***  Or  with  the  GRAMMAR,  6/O- 


16     WEALE'S  SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  SERIES. 


Portuguese  Grammar, 

In  a  Simple  and  Practical  Form.  With  Exercises.   By  ALFRED  ELWES 


Portuguese  -English 
tionary. 


and     English  -Portuguese 


1  /Q 

Dic- 


. 

Including  a  large  number  of  Technical  Terms  used  in  Mining,  Engineering, 
&c.,  with  the  proper  Accents  and  the  Gender  of  every  Noun.     By  ALFRED 
ELWES.     Third  Edition,  revised   ........     5/0 

***  Or  with  the  GRAMMAR,  7/Q. 

Animal  Physics, 

Handbook  of.     By  DIONYSIUS  LARDNER,   D.C.L.     With  520  Illustrations. 
In  One  Vol.  (732  pages),  cloth  boards  .......     7/6 

***  Sold  also  in  Two  Parts,  as  follows  :  — 

ANIMAL  PHYSICS.     By  Dr.  LARDNER.     Part  I.,    Chapters  I.—  VII.     4/0 
ANIMAL  PHYSICS.     By  Dr.  LARDNER.     Part  II.,  Chapters  VIII.—  XVIII. 

3/0 


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BXADBV1Y,  AGN1W  &  CO,,  LD.,  WINTERS,  LONDON  AND  TONPRIDGE. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


1916 

26  1916 

4.1150 


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REC.  CIR.  DEC15  ETC 


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{M. 


